分类 恋爱关系 下的文章

本期作者 LQY

在一段关系里,很多的冲突都因“牺牲”而起:“因为你的过敏体质,我也被迫放弃了我养了很多年的猫咪”,“我当初为了跟你在一起,不惜放弃我原本的工作”,“为了支持你的事业,我不得不辞职成为家庭主妇”……

如果你仔细一想,不难发现,在你的亲密关系里充满了各种各样的牺牲,小到日常生活中的各种小事,大到人生的选择,似乎牺牲是普遍的、不可避免的。

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从心理学角度来看,亲密关系中的牺牲(sacrifice)是指为了伴侣或与伴侣之间的关系,放弃自己的利益、需求、偏好(Van Lange, et al., 1997)。

牺牲的行为发生后,在一段时间里,双方的心态会有一个波动阶段,能否安然度过这个阶段,就决定了牺牲后的亲密关系是否能快速恢复到一个新的平衡状态,而不是处在冲突中。这个波动阶段,我们称之为“牺牲评估”。

当亲密关系中的一方考虑/做出牺牲时,他们就会进行牺牲评估,包括成本,收益,满意度,事后的遗憾(Righetti & Impett, 2017)。

牺牲不同于简单地向他人提供帮助和支持,当人们感知到牺牲的成本大过收益,对自己造成威胁时,牺牲反而会对双方的个人幸福感,关系幸福感有害。

也就是说,当一方做出牺牲,为了尽快让彼此双方心态恢复一个平衡的话,就要尽量要让牺牲的一方感觉自己的牺牲收益与成本差不太多,即,要促进相对更积极的牺牲评估

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01
怎样才能促进伴侣更积极的牺牲评估

心理学研究者Visserman等人通过一系列研究发现感知伴侣回应性(Perceived Partner Responsiveness)会促进更积极的牺牲评估

感知伴侣回应性是指个体感受到伴侣对自己是支持的,其中包括三个核心要素,分别是感知到伴侣的理解(understanding),尊重/认可(validation), 和关心(caring)。

当预期/实际做出牺牲,感知到伴侣有更多的回应时,人们会倾向于更积极地评估自己所做出的牺牲,比如感觉为伴侣牺牲是值得的,牺牲为关系带来的收益更高,成本更低,遗憾更少等。

伴侣对彼此需求,利益的回应是功能良好,令人满意,坚定持续关系的核心(Joel et al., 2020)。感知伴侣回应性除了影响牺牲评估(Visserman , 2022),还会影响到人们为伴侣牺牲的意愿,实际做出的牺牲行为(Reis et al., 2010)。

为什么感知伴侣回应性会让人们对自己的牺牲有更积极的评估呢?有两个原因:

一是,感知到伴侣更高的回应性会促进彼此之间的亲密感。美国著名心理学家斯滕伯格提出的爱情三角理论中(Sternberg, 1986),亲密感是爱情的三大基本要素之一(激情,亲密,承诺)。

当有很高的亲密感时,双方彼此交融,你中有我,我中有你(Maisel et al., 2008)。因此在为伴侣考虑/做出牺牲时,人们会倾向于认为伴侣的事就是自己的事,牺牲的心甘情愿,对自己有利,对两人的关系也有利(Van Lange et al., 1997; Visserman et al., 2022)。

二是,感知到伴侣更高的回应性会减少对伴侣的消极情绪。当发生利益或偏好冲突时,人们为了伴侣牺牲自己的需求和目标后,他们或多或少都会产生对伴侣的消极情绪,比如不满,沮丧。

这是因为自己的需求未被满足,自己的目标没有实现,对牺牲体验蒙上了一层阴影。而感知到伴侣的积极回应能够帮助人们更好的管理消极情绪。

具体而言,当感知到伴侣理解,认可自己的需求,目标,并且在未来也愿意支持自己实现自己的目标和满足自己的需求时,人们在关系中会更有安全感,减少自我保护,怀疑和恐惧(Reis & Gable, 2015),从而以更积极的视角来看待自己的牺牲。

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图 感知伴侣回应性影响牺牲评估的途径


02
当Ta为你做出牺牲后,你要如何做出回应

自我决定理论认为(Self-Determination Theory),人们受到三大基本需求的驱使,分别是自主感(行为是受自己控制的),胜任感(在与外界的互动中,觉得自己是有能力的)和联结感(渴望爱与被爱,需要归属),人们的幸福来源于这三种基本需要的满足(Deci & Ryan, 2000)。

当人们做出牺牲,放弃自己的利益时,这些基本需求的满足程度较低(Horne et al., 2021)。因此,当伴侣为你做出牺牲,帮助Ta恢复或满足基本需求,Ta会感觉到你是理解,关心,支持Ta的,是对Ta有回应的。

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从而Ta能更积极地评估Ta做出的牺牲,有利于双方的个人幸福感以及关系幸福感(Patrick et al., 2007)。

需要注意的是,每个人的具体需求存在差异。因此,如何做出回应还会因实际情况而不同

比如回避型依恋的个体,在做出比较大的牺牲后,Ta们的自主感会受到很大的威胁。这时,较好的回应是以不明显的方式给他们更多的空间(Maisel et al., 2008),更多的赞赏。

对于焦虑型依恋/低自尊的个体,Ta们更多需要的是在牺牲后,感受到来自伴侣的关心和认可。并且Ta们也特别希望看到伴侣愿意做出牺牲作为回报(Murphy et al., 2021)。这时,较好的回应是以明显的方式满足Ta们的需求。


03
仍然可能面临的挑战

虽然研究揭示在亲密关系中,接受牺牲的一方需要做出回应,但是做出恰当的回应并不总是那么容易。如上面讲到,牺牲是发生在双方有冲突之时,双方都处在一种消极情境中,心理资源在不断地被消耗

这种情况下,做出牺牲的一方可能倾向于低估伴侣对自己的回应。与此同时,接受牺牲的一方还可能会产生矛盾复杂的体验,既有感激感动,又有对做出牺牲一方的亏欠,内疚情绪产生。这种矛盾复杂的情感体验也可能会阻止接受牺牲的一方表达出恰当的回应

回想一下,当初你的伴侣做出怎样的回应?让你觉得为Ta牺牲是幸福的,满足的。你的伴侣做出怎样的回应? 让你感到为Ta牺牲不那么值得。

最后,在亲密关系中,你是做出牺牲多还是接受牺牲多呢?在做出或接受牺牲后,有没有复杂的情绪体验呢?欢迎给我们留言,说出你的故事


参考文献

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01

Horne, R. M., Righetti, F., Park, Y., Harasymchuk, C., & Impett, E. A. (2021). Better to give or to receive? Sacrifice predicts lower psychological need satisfaction in romantic relationships [Manuscript in preparation].

Joel, S., Eastwick, P. W., Allison, C. J., Arriaga, X. B., Baker, Z. G., Bar-Kalifa, E., Bergeron, S., Birnbaum, G. E., Brock, R. L., Brumbaugh, C. C., Carmichael, C. L., Chen, S., Clarke, J., Cobb, R. J., Coolsen, M. K., Davis, J., de Jong, D. C., Debrot, A., DeHaas, E. C., … Wolf, S. (2020). Machine learning uncovers the most robust self-report predictors of relationship quality across 43 longitudinal couples studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(32), 19061–19071. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917036117

Maisel, N. C., Gable, S. L., & Strachman, A. (2008). Responsive behaviors in good times and in bad. Personal Relationships, 15(3), 317–338. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2008.00201.x

Murphy, G., Horne, R. M., Visserman, M. L., & Impett, E. A. (2021). Effects of attachment insecurity on trailing partners’ well-being following relocation: The buffering role of perceived partner gratitude and sacrifice [Manuscript in preparation].

Patrick, H., Knee, C. R., Canevello, A., & Lonsbary, C. (2007). The role of need fulfillment in relationship functioning and well-being: A selfdetermination theory perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 434–457.https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.434

Reis, H. T., & Gable, S. L. (2015). Responsiveness. Current Opinion in Psychology, 1,67–71.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.001

Reis, H. T., Smith, S. M., Carmichael, C. L., Caprariello, P. A., Tsai, F.-F., Rodrigues, A., & Maniaci, M. R. (2010). Are you happy for me? How sharing positive events with others provides personal and interpersonal benefits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(2), 311–329. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018344

Righetti, F., & Impett, E. A. (2017). Sacrifice in close relationships: Motives, emotions, and relationship outcomes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(10), 1–11.https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12342

Righetti, F., Visserman, M. L., & Impett, E. A. (2022). Sacrifices: Costly prosocial behaviors in romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 44,74–79.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.031

Sternberg. (1986). A Triangular Theory of Love. Psychological Review, 93(2), 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119

Visserman, M. L., Muise, A., Righetti, F., Horne, R. M., Le, B. M., Côté, S., & Impett, E. A. (2022). Lightening the load: Perceived partner responsiveness fosters more positive appraisals of relational sacrifices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123(4), 788–810. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000384

Van Lange, P. A., Rusbult, C. E., Drigotas, S. M., Arriaga, X. B., Witcher, B. S., & Cox, C. L. (1997). Willingness to sacrifice in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1373–1395. https:// doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1373

责编:刘祥宇
撰稿:LQY
编辑:高文洁
美编:何文宣

What Is a Dating Red Flag?
什么是约会警示信号

A dating red flag is a warning sign that appears during a date that could indicate a problem, miscommunication, or challenge in the future. Examples of dating red flags are: Talking only about themselves, avoiding difficult conversations, gossiping about their ex, and withholding affection. Dating red flags can reveal themselves through a negative sign or action, a verbal or physical cue, or the hint of a personality flaw, and they can be dangerous if not spotted early.

Red flags in the early stages of dating can be subtle or obvious. If a red flag appears more than once, it’s important to take note before the relationship goes too far.

约会警示信号是指在约会中出现的、可能预示着未来某种问题、无法正常沟通或某种挑战的信号。一些约会警示信号包括:只谈论自己、回避棘手话题、八卦前任、收回自己的爱意(冷战)等。具体表现可能会是某种负面的迹象或行为、语言或肢体信号、人格缺陷迹象等。如果不提前发现,可能就会很危险。

约会早期的警示信号可能并不明显。如果一个警示信号出现不仅一次,那么就需要在这段感情进一步发展之前予以重视。


Personal Red Flags
关于个人的警示信号

01

His personal hygiene is bad
个人卫生很差

When two people get close and comfortable with each other, they accept both the good and bad habits of the other person. However, if you’re just on the first or second date and your partner doesn’t groom himself appropriately, he is probably telling you that you’re not important enough for him to make the effort to look good or smell nice.当两个人变得亲密时,他们会将彼此的好习惯和坏习惯都全盘接受。但如果你们只是第一次或第二次约会,对方没有打扮得体,他可能就是在告诉你你并不值得他花精力捯饬自己。

Someone who doesn’t put in the effort now may get even worse in the long run. So it’s either he changes now, or you take the clue and part ways with him. 在现阶段都不愿意在这方面花精力的人以后可能会更更变本加厉。所以,要么是他现在改变,要么是你接收他的暗示信号,赶紧分道扬镳。

02

They’re rude to waitstaff, ushers, and other service workers
他们对服务人员态度粗鲁

If you’re meeting Joey for dinner and he’s rude to your server for no reason, it’s a good indicator of how he treats people in general. He might be all smiles toward you early on, but that’s because he’s still trying to impress you. The same red flag applies to other service industry folk, like ticket takers, ushers, baristas, and bartenders.如果你和Joey见面吃完饭,他对你的服务人员毫无缘由地态度粗鲁,那么很可能这意味着他整体上都是以这种态度对待别人的。他可能在一开始对你温文尔雅,但那可能只是因为他依旧试图给你留下好印象。这一警示信号同时也适用于其他服务行业人员,比如检票员、引座员、咖啡师和酒吧吧台服务人员等。

03

Feeling low self-esteem
低自尊感

The people closest to you should build you up, not break you down.

When you love someone, you are committed to supporting and uplifting them. If you do not feel that support from your partner, family or friends, something needs to change.

与你最亲密的人应该让你变得更好,而不是摧毁你。

当你爱某个人时,你会全心全意去支持对方、托举对方。但如果你感觉不到对方、家人或朋友给你这种支持,那么就需要做出一些改变了。

04

Lack of emotional intelligence
缺乏情商

Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive and manage emotions.

People with a low level of emotional intelligence are unable to pick up on your feelings or empathize with you. This often results in unnecessary conflicts or forms of manipulation.

情商,是指识别并管理情绪的能力。

低情商者无法意识到你的感受,或无法与你共情。这通常会导致非必要的冲突或各种形式的操纵。

05

Narcissism/自恋

Narcissistic personality disorder is a mental condition that indicates self-obsession, a misplaced sense of importance. It can come across as delusions of grandeur, although not in a clinical sense. They are not experiencing a break with reality, although it might feel that way to the people close to them. Narcissists believe that the world revolves around them. And if anybody threatens this belief, turmoil and chaos tend to follow.

Being emotionally involved with a narcissistic, ego-driven person can be exhausting and traumatizing. Their needs will always be considered more important than yours.

自恋人格障碍是一种精神疾病,这意味着自我沉迷(过度聚焦于自己),扭曲的重要感。它可以表现为自己很了不起的错觉,尽管这并非从临床诊断角度而言。他们并没有脱离现实,虽然可能会让他们身边之人有这种感觉。自恋者认为这个世界是围绕着他们转的。如果有任何人威胁到这种信念,那么狂暴混乱就会随之而至。

与一个自恋、ego(自我、自尊感、面子)驱动之人产生任何类型的情感关系,都会令人筋疲力尽或遭受创伤。他们总是会认为自己的需求要比你的更重要。

06

Anger management issues
愤怒管理问题

If someone you are close to has anger management issues, you might feel threatened or unsafe during conflict. Lack of emotional regulation is a definite red flag for any relationship.

We all should feel comfortable enough with a partner or friend to tackle difficult subjects without fearing for our safety. Anyone who uses anger as an intimidation tactic is displaying toxic behavior.

如果你身边的人有愤怒管理问题,你可能会在冲突情形中感到有危险或不安全。缺乏情绪管理能力是任何情感关系的明确警示信号。

我们都应该能够在与伴侣或朋友应对棘手话题时,感到足够的安心从容,并且不需要为自己的安全担忧。用愤怒作为震慑策略,是一种毒性的行为。

07

Inability to resolve conflict
无法解决冲突

People that avoid conflict might think they are protecting the relationship from ruin. But in the end, it only results in long-winded passive aggression.

As uncomfortable as it can be, embracing constructive conflict is a crucial element of all relationships. Without productive conflict, serious matters can never be resolved. This can lead to resentment and wasted energy.

回避冲突者可能会觉得自己是在保护这段感情。但最终,这只会导致长期的消极式攻击行为。

尽管人们很不喜欢,但坦然面对有建设性的冲突,是所有感情关系中的关键要素。没有这种建设性冲突,一些重大问题就永远无法被解决,而这也会导致怨恨和浪费能量。

08

They Aren’t Very Motivated
他们没有很多自驱性

Motivation doesn’t necessarily mean career advancement and productivity. Although the inability to maintain a job IS a major red flag.

Are they motivated to learn or try new things?

Are they motivated to find new, fun date ideas?

Or… do they constantly try new things but don’t commit? Do they give up too easy? Do they complain a lot? These are all red flags!

自驱性并不一定意味着事业的发展和工作效率。但无法维持一份工作,这的确也是一个重大警示信号。

他们是否会主动学习和尝试新事物?

他们是否会主动寻找有趣的新约会创意?

或者,他们是否总是在尝试新事物但对什么都是浅尝辄止?他们是否很容易就放弃?他们是否经常抱怨?这些都是警示信号!

09

They act irresponsibly
他们不负责任

If your date isn’t capable of handling some of the basic responsibilities that go along with being a dating adult—or worse, shuns them altogether—you should reevaluate your relationship with them. There’s nothing wrong with being a child at heart, but here are some examples of “Peter Pan Syndrome” red flags:

如果你的约会对象无法应对作为一名成年约会对象应有的基本责任,或者更糟糕的是甚至完全回避,那么你就该重新审视你们的感情关系。有童心,这没问题,但下面是“彼得潘综合症”警示信号的一些例子:

Financial irresponsibility or incompatibility
经济方面不负责任或经济理念不一致

Clinging to their parents/啃老

Inappropriate social behavior/不适当的社交行为:
There’s a time and place for certain humor, conversation topics, and other behavior. If your date seems openly immature or oblivious to major social norms on your first few dates, it will likely only get worse as they get more comfortable with you.
一些幽默、话题或其他行为都是需要特定场合和时机的。如果你的约会对象似乎在你们刚开始约会时就很明显表现得不成熟,或对一些普遍社会准则似乎并不知晓,那么当他们跟你越来越亲近后,这些行为很可能只会变本加厉。

Your date doesn’t have to act like a grown-up all the time, but the last thing you want is to date someone emotionally your junior, or have to teach them how to be an adult. You want to be a partner, not a parent.

你的约会对象并非要一直都表现成熟,但你最不需要的,是和一个在情商方面低于自己的、一个必须由你来教导如何作为成年人的约会对象。你需要作为对方的伙伴,而非对方的父母。

10

They have issues in the bedroom
房事问题

Sex is a big part of a normal adult relationship, and plenty of red flags can appear in (and around) the bedroom early on. Below are two major bedroom-related red flags to keep an eye out for:

性,是正常成年人感情关系中的很大一部分,而且在最初阶段,在性爱方面可能会出现很多警示信号。以下是在性爱方面两个需要高度警惕的警示信号:

They refuse to talk about sex. If you’ve both established that you want to wait, that’s one thing, but if you broach the subject at a reasonable time in the relationship (i.e. not the first date) and they change the subject or never show any interest in discussing things with you, something is up.
他们拒绝谈论性爱。如果你们都同意先暂时搁置,那是另外一回事。但如果你在这段感情中合理的时间(即,并非首次约会时)提到了这一话题,但对方切换了话题,或表现出对这一讨论完全不感兴趣,那就是有问题了。

They want to have sex, but they’re selfish about it. They only care about their pleasure and not about yours. They ask you to do things that they refuse to reciprocate, like oral sex.
他们想要性活动,但却很自私。他们只考虑自己的快感,而非你的。他们会提出特殊请求但自己却拒绝对你做同样的事,比如oral sex。

Both of these red flags spell out trouble in the future. Either you’ll be sexually frustrated, hoping they’ll finally come around, or you’ll be constantly pleasing them in hopes they’ll eventually return the favor. Either way, there’s no reason for you to spend time in a sexually unsatisfying relationship.
这两种警示信号都意味着未来的问题。要么是你在性生活方面感到受挫,寄希望于他们能自己意识到个人问题,或你不断在取悦对方,等待着他们最终投桃报李。无论那种情形,都没有理由让你继续待在一段性生活不幸福的感情关系中。

11

They indulge in negging
他们热衷于贬低

Negging involves giving backhanded compliments to shatter someone’s self-confidence. For instance, they tell you, “Wow! You look pretty today. I wish you wore makeup every day.” Negging can make you doubt your self-worth.

贬低,也包括给与一些明褒实贬的赞美来击碎一个人的自信。比如,他们会告诉你,“哇,你今天看起来好美。我真希望你每天都化妆。”贬低,会让你质疑自己的自我价值。

12

They always complain
他们总是在抱怨

It is okay to share your views and opinions with your dating partner, but it is not healthy to complain non-stop. If your partner almost always has a problem with everything you do or say or criticizes everything within sight, they are not the right person for you.

和约会对象分享个人观点,这是没问题的,但一直喋喋不休抱怨,这则是不健康的。如果对方总是对你做的每一件事或说的每一句话都有意见,或批评目光所及的一切事物,那么这个人就并非适合你的那个人。

13

They are self-centered
他们以自我为中心

A self-centered person makes a relationship all about themselves. They use you only until you fulfill their needs and have absolutely no consideration for your feelings. They even blame you for anything that hurts them.

自我为中心者让让所感情关系都围绕着他们。他们会利用你直到满足他们的需求,而且完全不顾及你的感受。他们甚至会将自己感到的任何伤害归咎于你身上。

14

They are dishonest
他们不诚实

A relationship cannot survive for long when there is a lack of honesty between partners. Your dating partner may have numerous reasons to lie to you. They do not pick up your calls or text you promptly, and they even miss dates. These show their lack of respect for you.

当缺乏坦诚时,一段感情关系是无法长久的。对方可能会有无数原因向你撒谎。他们没有立即接你电话或给你发信息,甚至约会时放你鸽子。这些都表示他们缺乏对你的尊重。

15

They do not keep their words
他们言而无信

They make thousands of promises but seldom keep even one of them. They proclaim their love for you daily, but you never get to see their love in their actions. Judge them by their actions and not their words.

他们做出上千个承诺但甚至无法履行其中一个。他们每天都在宣称很爱你,但你却从来没有在他们的行动中感受到他们的爱。用他们的行为作为衡量标尺,而非言辞!

16

They always blame other people
他们总是在指责别人

A cynical person is never happy in life and always blames others for their misfortunes. It can be their parents, siblings, teachers, co-workers, or just about anyone they can think of. They never take responsibility and are always looking to curse others for their unhappiness. If your date is one such person, keep a safe distance from them.

一个愤世嫉俗的人在生活中从不开心,从来都是将个人不幸归咎于其他人身上。或许是他们的父母、兄弟姐妹、老师、同事或他们想到的任何人。他们从来不承担责任,总是会因自己的痛苦而咒骂别人。如果你的约会对象是这样一个人,那么,保持安全距离!

17

They hesitate to make your relationship public
他们迟迟不愿公开你们的感情

You have gone out on enough dates, yet when it comes to making the relationship official, they hesitate. Your relationship status reads ‘committed’ on social media, while theirs remains ‘single’. They may not post lovey-dovey couple pictures, and that’s understood, but if they are consciously hiding your relationship, it is a warning sign.

你们已经约会了足够多次,但当要正式宣布你们的感情关系时,对方却犹豫不决。在社交媒体上,你的感情状态写的是“处于一段正式感情中”,而对方的依旧是“单身”。他们可能不会发布你们两个人卿卿我我的照片,这可以理解。但如果对方在可以隐藏你们的感情关系,那么这就是一个警告信号了。

18

They are unable to form meaningful relationships
他们无法建立有意义的人际和情感关系

Having short-term relationships in the past does not make a person unsuitable for you. But if, in addition to this, they also lack good relations with their family and do not have friends, there must be something amiss. And you need to find out why they are unable to maintain good relations with other people.

在过去,拥有一些短期的感情经历或人际关系,这并不意味着这个人就不适合你。但如果,除此之外,如果对方与自己的家人也关系不佳,且没有朋友,那么就肯定是存在着某些问题了。你需要找出为什么他们无法和其他人维持良好关系。

19

He sounds regretful about his life rather than appreciative
他对人生充满遗憾而非珍惜感恩

Dating red flags aren’t always glaring especially when you’ve just started communicating with the man. In relationships, there are different kinds of people; the ones who seem to resent their ‘luck’ and the ones who appreciate each experience as it comes.

You should run the other way if the guy you’re hoping to enter a relationship with is always bemoaning his choices and life overall. It is only a man who appreciates each life experience that will help you see the good in life regardless of what may happen.

约会中的警示信号并非总是特别显眼,尤其是当你只是刚开始和一个人交流时。感情关系这片大林子中什么鸟都有。比如有似乎对自己“运气”愤愤不平的,以及带着珍惜感恩心态看待每段经历的。

如果对方总是在抱怨自己的选择和人生,那么你应该赶紧逃离。只有一个珍惜每段人生经历的人才会帮助你在人生各种境遇中让你看到光明美好一面。

20

He nitpicks about the most irrelevant things
他对最鸡毛蒜皮的事也总是挑刺

Many people think women are more prone to nitpick about stuff but men do it too. They’ll fuss about everything from the way you dress to the friends you keep.

One dating red flag is when someone you’re dating can’t focus on important things but chooses to give time to irrelevant details. It’s something that can be manageable, but it could also get very annoying fast.

很多人觉得女性更易于挑刺,但男性也会这样做。从你的穿着方式,到你的朋友,他们都会批评指摘。约会时的一个警示信号是,对方无法专注于重要事情,而是选择将时间花在无关紧要的细枝末节上。这虽然是可以控制的行为习惯,但也会很快让人感到恼怒。

021

It is almost impossible for him to appear impressed by what anyone else does
似乎几乎没有任何东西能让他们赞叹

No one is perfect. However, the least each person can do is to cheer someone up when they achieve a feat—no matter how small it is. If your man is someone who finds nothing impressive, there is a big problem.

It means that he will always demand more than you are willing to or can give of yourself. Relationships of this kind become toxic and hard to break out from. It is best if you let him go before you go deeper than you already have.

没有人是完美的,但一个人最起码能做的,是当别人实现一些成就时,无论多小,都予以鼓励喝彩。如果你的约会对象觉得任何东西都是“不过如此”,那么这就是一个大问题了。

这意味着他的要求总是会超出你愿意给予或能够给予的程度。这种感情关系会变得毒性,难以摆脱。在你进一步深陷之前,最好赶紧放手。

22

Substance or alcohol abuse
毒品或酒精滥用

I don’t need to be a relationship expert to tell you that hard drug use is an immediate disqualifier.

Hard drugs are anything you have to cook, cut, stretch, or compress. Within the “cooking” and “cutting” categories, I’m including abuse of any prescription drugs and pill-popping. I’m also willing to consider slight psychedelic use for constructive purposes. It’s one thing if a person occasionally enjoys a smoke. It’s a different story entirely if they have to use it every day. Not only is that an addiction (by definition), but it’s also likely a way to cope with other issues. The same thing is true for alcohol.

我不需要作为一个感情专家才能告诉你,一旦发现对方使用烈性毒品,要立即取消资格!

烈性毒品是任何需要化学制作、切割、拉伸或压制的毒品。这里在“化学制作”和“切割”分类中,也包括对任何处方药的滥用或嗑药丸。如果是出于有益原因而使用少量致幻药物,我也愿意考虑。如果一个人偶尔抽一口,这是一回事,但如果他们每天都在使用,那就完全是另一回事了。这不仅是一种瘾症(根据定义),而且也可能是他应对其他问题的一种方式。对酗酒而言也是同理。

23

All of his exes are narcissists, have bipolar disorder, or have some mental health issue
他所有前任都是自恋者、有双向情感障碍,或有某种精神健康问题

In general, I think it’s a bad idea to ever bring up old relationships with new partners. Talking about exes all the time could be another red flag by itself, but I feel like that’s obvious enough to not warrant its own section.

However, it’s not unusual for the conversation to naturally drift that way—especially at the beginning of a new relationship. It’s not uncommon to bring up issues related to the last break up, why things ended, and what your last relationship was like.

一般来说的话,我认为和新对象谈起旧感情经历,这并不明智。总是在谈论前任,这本身也是一个警示信号,但我觉得这个已经足够明显,因此不需要另外写出来去赘述。

但谈话自然而然偏向那个话题,这并不罕见,尤其在一段新感情初期。人们经常就会提到之前的分手,为什么分手,以及上段感情经历怎么样等。

If the conversation gets on this topic, then pay attention to how a man describes his exes. There’s nothing wrong with him listing her bad behavior that contributed to the decline of the relationship, but it’s a huge red flag if he starts using buzzwords for mental health issues to describe her.

It’s a deal-breaker because it’s a cowardly way to avoid taking responsibility for his bad decisions.

It’s a lot easier to say there was something wrong with her to figure out how his actions contributed to things. And yes, this explanation is often used in place of taking responsibility for things because it rules out the possibility that she was fine, but he had behaved in a way that made her act that way.

如果谈话谈到这一话题,那么密切注意对方是如何描述他的前任们的。如果他列出前任的所有导致那段感情结束的不良行为,那么这没问题,但如果他开始用一些精神健康问题热门词汇来形容她,那就是一个巨大警示信号了。

这种行为意味着这段感情不值得维持,因为逃避为自己的错误决定承担责任,这是一种懦弱的行为。

相比去思考自己有哪些行为导致了问题的发生,更简单轻松的方式就是宣告说前任有问题。是的,这种说法一般常见于需要为事情承担责任的情形,因为只要说都是对方有问题,那么就排除了这种可能性:她自身并没问题,是他的某种行为方式导致了她做出那种反应的。

24

No friends/没有朋友

This doesn’t just mean friends that he’s met recently, although that’s important too.

You don’t want to be with a socially awkward, reclusive guy, who has no idea how to behave like a generally likable human. This also goes for his past friends as well.

If a guy doesn’t have any friends that he’s known before the age of 18, this isn’t necessarily a red flag, but it should make you start looking at things a bit more in-depth.

If a guy doesn’t have any friends from before 22, that’s a red flag.

But it’s a red flag you need to ask questions about. This is the type of thing that might not even make itself known because you met in a city he relocated to. However, after dating him for a little while, you need to see that he’s had friends for a while.

这并不是指他最近遇到的朋友,尽管这也重要。

你不想和一个不擅社交,离群索居,不懂正常社交行为的人在一起。所以这里的“朋友”也包括他以前的朋友。

如果一个男性没有任何18岁以前时认识的朋友,这并不一定就是一个警示信号,但足以让你试图深究一下。

如果一个男人没有任何22岁之前认识的朋友,那么这就是一个警示信号了。

但这是一个你需要询问的警示信号。如果他之前并不生活在你们相识的城市,那么这类事情可能甚至不会为人所知。但在和他交往一小段时间后,你需要看到对方一段时间来是有朋友的。

This is important because generally speaking, a guy doesn’t have friends because he’s either a social recluse or he’s screwed a bunch of people over—and even the socially awkward guys tend to group up and be friends with one another. So you’re usually looking at a dude with serious personal issues.

His family doesn’t count. He must have people who have chosen to be around him (preferably for an extended period of time) of their own free will. Not familial obligation.

这很重要,因为整体而言,一个男人没有朋友,往往是因为他在社交方面离群索居,或者他曾经坑了很多人——即使不擅社交者也往往会抱团,和彼此成为朋友。所以通常情况下,这意味着对方有严重个人问题。

他的家人不算。这里的朋友必须是指那些自愿选择和他交往的人(最好是长期的),而非出于家庭义务。

25

Always late/总是迟到

Yes, things happen. With that said, we live in the 21st century with cellular devices. Not only can you call if something comes up, but you can also text. Hell, you can even send a message through various social media and dating apps.

的确,总是会有意外情况。尽管如此,我们活在有移动设备的21世纪。如果有事发生,你不仅可以打电话,还可以发信息。甚至还可以通过各种社交媒体和约会app发送信息。

Showing up late, even once, without calling and texting, should be grounds for dismissal from your life.

If a guy is always late, even if he calls and texts, this is also a big deal. This means he’s terrible at managing his time or honoring his plans isn’t important to him. Either way, this is not a good sign for the future.

Remember, I’m not talking about the 5-10 minutes needed to find a parking spot. That’s acceptable. But if someone is more than 15 minutes late and the lateness fits the above description, then it’s likely a big red flag.
迟到且没有任何电话或信息,即使只是一次,应该成为从你人生中将其“案件驳回”的足够依据。如果一个人总是迟到,即使他打电话和发信息了,这也是一个严重问题。这意味着他缺乏时间管理能力,或者对他而言,守约并不那么重要。无论那种情况,对未来而言都并非好的信号。

记住,我这里不是说需要找停车位的5-10分钟。这是可以接受的。但如果一个人迟到了15分钟以上,且符合上面的描述,那么这就可能是一个很大的警示信号。

26

Male feminists
男性女权主义者

Generally speaking, avoid men who use any words ending in “ist” or “ism” to define themselves. Specifically, male feminists are problematic because they already hate what makes them male. This means that they will have trouble behaving like a man you would like to date.

I’ll elaborate.

一般来说,回避那些用“xxxx主义者”和“xxx主义”来定义自己的男性。尤其是男性女权主义者更是充满问题的,因为他们已经讨厌自己性别的一些固有要素了。这意味着他们很难达到你对男性约会对象的期望。

我来详细解释一下。

There is nothing wrong with believing that everyone deserves the same opportunities and equal treatment under the law. But if you’re a man who feels the need to make one of his defining traits that he’s championing for women’s rights (and women already have the same rights as men and by many metrics, are ahead of men), then this man has an ulterior motive.

认为每个人在法律下都值得得到同样的机遇和同样的对待,这本身无问题。但如果一个男人觉得需要将捍卫女性权益作为自己的定义特征(且女性已经拥有了这些和男人一样的权益,而且从很多角度而言,要领先于男性),那么这个人就有着不可告人的动机。

Very often, these men are predators and abusers of women themselves. Ultimately, it’s just a trick to ingratiate themselves with women without doing the work of becoming a more attractive man.通常,这些男人是以女性为对象的捕猎者和虐待者。归根结底,这只是他们不用提升自己就可以讨好女性的一个手段。


Relational red flags
与感情关系有关的警示信号

01

They get too serious too fast and love bombing
他们过快变得认真;爱情轰炸

Your date says and does everything perfectly, as if they were in a romantic comedy or romance novel. They’re so flattering, they lure you in and try to make things serious as fast as they can. Remember: If things seem too good to be true, they probably are. Also watch for your date acting possessively, checking in on you repeatedly, and wanting to know where you are at all times. It could be a sign they’re clingy or possessive, both of which are stifling, and bad signals for a future relationship.

Everyone should date at their own comfortable pace. If Greg is pushing you for commitment early in the dating process, it’s likely because of his insecurity or lacking emotional intelligence. Greg is trying to “lock you down” before you have the chance to recognize his flaws. This is called “love bombing.”

你的约会对象的言辞和行为堪称完美,仿佛是在一个爱情浪漫剧或爱情小说中。他们甜言蜜语,不断引诱,试图让这段感情尽快变得正式。记住,如果事情太过美好以至于不真实,那么很可能事实就是这样。另外也警惕对方行为表现出占有欲,不断联系你,时时刻刻想要知道你在哪里,这可能就意味着对方太粘你,或有占有欲。两种情形都是令人窒息的,也是未来感情关系的不良讯号。

每个人都应该按照自己感到舒适的速度去发展感情。如果Greg在约会早期就不断催促你想让你赶紧和他确立正式关系,那么这可能是因为他自身的不安全感或缺乏情商。Greg是试图在你发现他的缺陷之前“锁定你”。这被称作“爱情轰炸”。

Love bombing’s purpose is to make you feel appreciated so you are more receptive to them and their desires. They get their victim to tell them intimate details of their life and later use these details against them. It is to attempt to ensure future emotional and physical intimacy while setting you up for long-term manipulation and abuse.

Love bombing seems wonderful when it’s happening, but it’s often a very early sign of things to come.

爱情轰炸的目的是让你感到被珍惜,从而让你更愿意接受他们和他们的欲求。他们会让他们的受害者们吐露自己人生的细节信息,之后则会用这些信息来攻击受害者。他们这是在试图确保未来情感和肢体亲密的同时,也为长期操纵和虐待你铺下道路。

爱情轰炸在发生时似乎很美好,但通常是未来各种问题的一个非常早期的迹象。

02

He makes you believe you’re both in love, even though you hardly know one another well
他让你相信你们都彼此相爱,即使你对他并不充分了解

It is true that love, at first sight, is possible. However, even people who fall in love that quickly don’t express it just as easily. As long as the partners understand both the spoken and unspoken rules of dating, they will give each other time to know the other person before making love proclamations.

一见钟情,当然是可能的。但甚至如此快速陷入爱河的人也不会这么轻易地就表达出来。只要双方都懂得关于约会的一些明确规则和潜在规则,他们就会在给出爱的宣言前给对方时间去了解彼此。

03

He seems to be extra connected to you because you both share many similarities
他似乎和你特别有共鸣因为你们有很多相同点

Any woman will be glad to see that her new boyfriend is connecting with her so soon into the relationship and the universe appears to be in favor of the union. However, how soon is too soon, and how connected is too connected?

When he claims to understand each of the memories you share with him, even the ones that he shouldn’t have had any form of similarities with, you should be worried. The more he claims to relate with everything you say, the more rushed or forced it should seem.

It is either he had been stalking you before you started talking or, he is trying to suck up to you because of what he hopes to get from you.

任何女性都会很高兴看到新男友很早就和自己有共鸣感,而且两人像是天作之合。但多么早是过早?怎样的心意相通是过度的?

当他宣称理解你告诉他的每一段回忆,甚至那些他根本不可能找到任何有相似之处的回忆,那么你就该感到担忧了。他越是宣称和你说的一切都感同身受,那么就看起来就越草率和虚伪。

要么是他在和你开始交谈之前就跟踪你,要么是他在为了自己想从你这里得到的东西而刻意迎合你。

04

He is too eager to get into your personal space from the first date
从第一次约会就过度心急地想要侵入你的个人空间

If from the first official date his behavior indicates that he wants to be in your personal space, you should see it as one of the dating warning signs to address ASAP.

For example, if he thinks holding hands and kissing right after dinner on the first date is not bad but you don’t like it, let him know. For someone else, this could be acceptable, but for others, that’s a boundary you shouldn’t cross.

如果从第一次正式约会时他的行为就透露出他想要进入你的个人空间,那么你应该将其视为一个应尽快处理的早期警示信号。

例如,如果他觉得在第一次约会晚餐后牵手和亲吻并没有问题,但你不喜欢,你要告诉他。对其他一些人,这可能是可以接受的,但对其他人,这是不能逾越的界限。

05

Overly controlling behavior
过度控制行为

Overly controlling behavior is a common red flag. People that try to control your movements, decisions, or beliefs are more concerned about what they want than what is best for you. And they check your phone and social media

In a healthy relationship, there is compromise and understanding around differences. Not one person controls the other person’s actions.

过度控制行为是一种常见的警示信号。试图控制你的行为、决策和想法的人更关心自己要什么而非为你着想。而且他们会查看你的手机和社交媒体。

在一段健康感情关系中,有分歧时,会有让步和理解。而非一方控制另一方的行为。

06

Constant jealousy
总是在嫉妒

It is natural to feel jealous when your partner or friend is spending a lot of time with others. However, that is not an excuse to let it cloud your judgment.

Someone who is constantly jealous of your connection with others cares more about what they want than your happiness.

当你的伴侣和朋友与他人在一起时,很自然会感到嫉妒,但这并不是让它影响你判断力的一个借口。

一个总是嫉妒你和别人关系的人,更关心自己想要的,而非你快乐与否。

07

Physical, emotional, or mental abuse
肢体、情感、精神虐待

Physical, emotional, and mental abuse are undeniable red flags in any relationship. Physical abuse is easier to pick up. But emotional and mental abuse can be just as damaging in the long run. And just like physical abuse, mental and emotional abuse can cause PTSD.

Nobody ever has the right to use you as a scapegoat for their own problems. Those should be dealt with constructively and fairly. Abuse is never an acceptable response to a problem.

肢体、情感、精神虐待是感情关系中不容否认的警示信号。肢体暴力很容易识别。但情感和精神虐待长期而言也同样具有摧毁性。而且同肢体暴力一样,精神和情感虐待也会导致PTSD。

没有人有权利将你作为他们个人问题的替罪羊。应该以有建设性的、公平的方式应对他们的这些问题。虐待是一种绝对不可接受的问题应对方式。

08

Gaslighting/煤气灯操纵

Gaslighting is a common tactic of manipulation. It is an insidious form of emotional abuse in which the manipulator will make you question your own sanity or judgments.

Victims of gaslighting are made to feel guilty regardless of whether or not they did anything wrong. Gaslighting is a clear red flag in any relationship.

煤气灯操纵是一种常见的操纵手段。这是一种隐晦且有害的情感虐待方式,操纵者会让你质疑你自己的理智和判断。

这种操纵手段的受害者无论自己是否做错,都会在施害者操纵下感到内疚。煤气灯操纵是任何人际关系中的一种明确的警示信号。

09

Codependency/病态共同依赖

Codependency and the ensuing emotional labor might not always present themselves as toxic. But codependency in relationships can be a pervasive pattern that causes issues such as emotional exhaustion and increasing mental load.

Codependency, or “relationship addiction,” happens when two people rely on each other exclusively for emotional, psychological, and even physical support. This alienates them from their other relationships and can stunt personal growth.

病态共同依赖以及其所导致的情绪劳动可能并不会表现出有毒性,但感情关系中的病态共同依赖可能会作为一种模式蔓延到各个方面,从而导致情绪疲劳和精神负担增加等问题。

*(Emotional labor is the process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job. More specifically, workers are expected to regulate their emotions during interactions with customers, co-workers, clients and managers.情绪劳动是指管理个人感受和表情以符合工作对情绪的要求的这一过程。更具体而言,工作人员在和顾客、同事、客户和管理人员互动时,被期望能够管理他们的情绪。)

10

They try to push past your boundaries
他们试图侵入你的个人界限

Finding love should never mean being uncomfortable and doing things you don’t want to do. Watch out for “boundary-pushing behavior”:

Vanessa Marin, a licensed marriage and family therapist agrees that someone pressuring you to have sex is a major red flag. If you’re not interested, that’s that. Giving in to their unwanted advances now will only encourage the same boundary pushing behavior later on. If they can’t respect your boundaries this early into your relationship, you don’t want to be with them.

爱情,从来不会是意味着你感到不舒服、或者做自己不想做的事。警惕那些侵犯个人界限的行为:

Vanessa Marin,一位执照婚姻家庭心理咨询师,也认同说一些人在性方面给你施加压力,也是一种重大警示信号。如果你不感兴趣,那么就该拒绝。如果虽然不情愿但依旧屈服于对方的要求,这只会助长这种侵犯界限的行为。如果他们在这么一开始都不尊重你的个人界限,那么你是不想和这样的人在一起的。

Not all boundaries are sexual, however. Your date sharing too much personal information too soon can be a boundary-pushing red flag as well. If Sally is telling you extremely personal things over your first cup of coffee together, there could be some more serious emotional issues at play. If you ask Sally if you can buy her a drink, for example, and she declines and explains that she has a bad history with alcohol, that’s okay. But if Sally is telling you her deepest, darkest secrets just to make idle conversation, it may signal that her definition of personal boundaries is much different than yours. Her sharing things isn’t necessarily bad, but if it makes you uncomfortable, it’s definitely a red flag for you.

但并非所有界限都是和性活动相关的。你的约会对象很快就披露过多的个人信息,这也是一种侵犯个人界限的警示信号。如果Sally在你们第一次喝咖啡时就告诉了你极其隐私的事情,那么这可能意味着她存在一些更严重情绪问题。但比如说,如果你问Sally你是否可以给她买杯喝的,她拒绝了,并解释说自己在酒精方面有些不好的经历。这没关系。但如果在你们只是随便聊天时Sally就告诉了你她最深处最黑暗的秘密,这可能意味着她对个人界限的定义与你有很大差异。她分享信息,这并不一定是坏事,但如果让你感到不适,那就绝对对你而言是一个警示信号了。

11

They’re Hot and Cold/忽冷忽热

Benching is When someone you've been dating stops agreeing to meet in person but continues to contact you over message or social media.

Breadcrumbing is leading someone on with no intention of ever meeting in-person or building a real relationship

Are they wishy-washy with their affections? Do they draw away from you for long periods and seem to want you to go after them?

UGH - red flag!

Benching(做替补),是指你一直在约会的一个人不再同意见面,但依旧和你通过信息或社交媒体联系。

Breadcrumbing(面包屑),是指一直吊着一个人,但又不打算见面或建立一段真正的感情关系。

他们的爱意是不是时有时无?他们是否会长期对你冷淡,像是想让你去主动追求他?

绝对的警示信号!

12

They’re flat-out disrespectful (beyond playful, mutual teasing)
他们完全不尊重你(远非玩闹或互相开玩笑的程度)

Poking fun at each other can be cute, but there’s a line. Watch for negging or other disparaging remarks.

Also, definitely avoid anyone who uses negging as a flirting strategy. That is the worst and a giant red flag.

Disrespect can come in all shapes and sizes, though, and it’s not always easy to read. Your date may be judgmental about your appearance or lifestyle. Or they may assume things about your culture or background, regardless of what you tell them.

互相开玩笑,会很可爱,但这也有个限度。注意贬低或其他打击言辞。另外,绝对要回避那些用贬低作为一种调情策略的人。这是最差劲的,也是一个巨大的警示信号。不尊重别人,有各种各样表现形式,但并非总是容易识别。你的约会对象可能会评判你的外表或生活方式,或者无论你告诉了他们什么,他们依旧会对你的文化和背景做出假设。

13

They body-shame you
身材羞辱

They leave no stone unturned to comment on your body. Even when you are trying to enjoy a meal, they quickly call you out for having something that will make you gain more pounds. It can hurt your feelings and make you hate your body.

他们会毫无遗漏地找机会评判你的身材。甚至即使当你想要享受一顿美餐,他们也会很快批评你说你在吃很容易让你长胖的东西。这会伤害你的感受,让你憎恶自己的身体。

14

They never compromise
他们从不让步

Compromising helps maintain peace in a relationship. If your dating partner never budges, and you are always the one compromising, it is not a good thing. Eventually, you will feel tired of giving in to their wishes and never being able to have your way.

让步,有助于维系感情的稳定。但如果对方从不让步,而你却是一直在让步妥协的一方,这并非好的迹象。最终,你会厌倦不断牺牲自己想法而屈服于对方愿望。

15

They guilt-trip you into doing things
他们对你内疚操纵

A manipulative person often tries to guilt-trip you into doing things you disapprove of. When you refuse them, they try to pressurize you and scare you of the repercussions, coercing you to comply. If your date makes you do something you are not comfortable doing, it is a big sign that they are unsuitable for you.

操纵型的人通常会通过让你感到内疚,让你做自己不愿做的事。当你拒绝他们时,他们会试图对你施压,用后果来恐吓你,胁迫你服从。如果对方让你做一些你不大愿意做的事情,那么这可能就意味着他并不适合你。

16

They never listen to you
他们从来不倾听

Do they ever listen to what you say, or are they always bragging about themselves? A bad listener hardly ever asks questions, and even if they do, they do not wait to listen to what you have to say and somehow steers the conversation toward themselves.

他们是否倾听你说话?还是总是在自吹自擂?一个不懂得倾听的人几乎从不问问题,即使他问了问题,他们也不想等着听你的回答,而且会想方设法把话题引到自己身上去。

17

They never seek your opinion
他们从来不会征询你的意见

Your opinion is neither valued nor sought. They do not think highly of you and openly disregard your views and opinions. No matter who you are dating, if they make you feel unimportant, they are not worth a second of your life.

你的意见要么不被重视,要么根本就不被征询。他们并不欣赏你,而且公开贬低你的观点和意见。无论你和谁在约会,如果对方让你觉得你毫不重要,那么他们不值得你在他们身上花费你生命中的一分一秒。

18

They Never Initiate (Conversations, Intimacy, Dates)
他们从不主动(谈话、亲密、约会)

Does your partner have to be pressed to talk to you, be intimate, or go out on dates?

Reflect on how many times you have initiated conversations in the last two weeks. Were you always the one reaching out?

If you’re further on in the relationship, are you always the one that makes the first romantic move? You should both be passionate and excited about the relationship!

对方是否要被施压才会和你交谈、亲密或约会?

回想在过去两周内有多少次是你主动找他谈话。你是否总是主动的那一方?

如果你们已经在一起了很久,你是否总是在这段感情中主动的一方?一段感情中应该双方都感到激情和兴奋的!

19

He asks you to be his healer and savior

他要求你成为他的疗愈者和救世主

Be aware of your date’s expectations of you as well. Say, if Greg is looking for you to “restore his trust” in people or undo all the damage done to him by previous significant others, that’s way too much pressure on you early on.

也注意对方对你的期望。比如说,Greg期望你重建他对人类的信任,或者消除他前任们对他造成的伤害,那么这在一段恋情早期,对你来说是过于沉重的压力。

20

They’re a drama queen/king
他们是drama queen/king(戏剧女王/国王;戏精)

Some people live for drama. There are definitely “drama kings” out there as well, so the same advice applies to most any relationship. A few other ways to spot a drama queen/king:

“If they are always having some crisis that’s never their fault, if they expect you to provide constant reassurances, drain the emotional energy out of you, or they get upset at signs that you have a life outside of them, then you should ditch them immediately.”

Life is already dramatic enough, so save yourself the struggle and look for someone a little more level-headed.

一些人像是为演戏而生。他们也绝对是一个个戏精,因此同样的建议适用于几乎任何人际关系。识别一个 drama king的其他方法:

如果他们总是在经历一些危机,而且这些危机“从来都不是他们的错”;如果他们期望你不断为他们提供慰藉,耗干你的精神能量,或当发现你在他们之外也有自己的人生时他们感到不爽,那么你就该立马甩掉这样的人。

生活已经够戏剧化了,所以,没必要给自己找气受;转移目光去寻找那些较冷静理智之人。

21

They play games with you
他们只是和你玩玩

No, not the fun kind of games. Love games, dating games, pick-up games—they all lead to people wasting their time and getting hurt. Watch for those who want to use you as some sort of tool or exotic fling. Whoever you’re dating should be interested in spending time together and getting to know you, not using you for an experience, a story to tell, or for the thrill of “the chase.” If they’ve only got one foot in the pool, it’s time to climb out and dry off.

不是那种有趣的玩游戏。爱情游戏、约会游戏、搭讪游戏,这些都会让人浪费时间并受到伤害。注意那些将你作为某种工具或作为异域风情炮友的人。不管你和谁约会,对方都应该有兴趣和你在一起、了解你,而不是将你作为一种经历、一段未来会讲述的故事,或者只是为了享受“追求”过程的刺激。如果他们对这段感情心不在焉,那么现在是时候赶紧调头上岸了。

22

They show no interest in your interests (or worse, deride them)
他们对你的兴趣毫无兴趣(更有甚者,甚至贬低他们)

The early stages of a relationship are all about getting to know each other’s likes and dislikes, but that can’t happen if your date only talks, thinks and cares about themselves. Many of you pointed out this obvious red flag, but selfishness can actually manifest a lot of different ways.

For example, your cute date Lola might shrug off the things that matter to you, all the while expecting you to show interest in the things she likes. Or Lola won’t stop bragging and talking about herself, and when she does give you a chance to talk she’s just waiting for a chance to cut back in.

一段感情的早期阶段主要是围绕着了解对方的喜好和讨厌事物,但如果对方只谈论自己、想着自己、在乎自己,那么这就无法实现。你们很多人都曾指出这一明显的警示信号,但实际上自私,可以表现为很多不同的方式。

例如,你可爱的约会对象Lola可能对你在乎的事情不屑一顾,但同时又期望你对她的爱好感兴趣。或者Lola不停地自吹自擂谈论自己,而且,即使当她给你机会说话时,她也不过是在等机会插入谈话而已。

Maybe Lola doesn’t have any presence whatsoever, constantly glancing at her phone or getting distracted and losing track of the conversation. Perhaps worst of all, Lola does have nice things to say, but only about your appearance, or your possessions and doesn’t show any interest in getting to know you personally. A compliment is nice, but nothing but compliments makes it obvious what they’re after. You hear those trumpets? It’s a red flag raising ceremony.

可能 Lola心思根本就不在这里,不断玩手机或者分心,完全没有在跟上谈话节奏。可能更糟糕的是,Lola的确有一些赞美之词,但只是关于你的外表或你的财富,而且根本对了解你这个人不感兴趣。一次赞美的确是很好的,但只是一味赞美,就让他们的动机昭然若揭了。你听到号声了吗?这简直就是红旗警示信号的升旗仪式啊!

23

They do not support your dreams
他们不支持你的梦想

You tell them you wish to work independently someday, and all they do is laugh. You tell them how you dreamt of becoming an astronaut growing up, and they remind you of your low grades in school. Forget encouragement; they never take your dreams or ambitions in life seriously. They offer no support and instead dissuade you by often mocking you.

你告诉他们你期望有天能自己单干,他们做的只是嘲笑。你告诉他们你小时候曾梦想做个宇航员,他们提醒你你当时成绩可不大好。不仅没有鼓励,他们甚至从来没有把你的梦想或志向当真。他们没有任何支持,而且甚至还通过嘲笑你来试图劝退你。

24

They cancel plans without prior notification
不提前通知就取消计划

They often agree to your plans, but then cancel them at the last moment. When you confront them, they shrug and say they were not in the mood or they wanted to watch something on TV. They don’t even try to come up with a good excuse and have no problem hurting your feelings.

他们通常会同意你的计划,但之后会在最后一刻取消他们。当你质问他们时,他们会耸耸肩说自己心情不好或想看电视。他们甚至都懒得找一个好的借口,也毫不在意是否会伤害你的感受。

25

They take hours to reply to your text
隔好几个小时才回复你的信息

You tirelessly type long messages, but all they can reply to you is a ‘hmm.’ If this happens with you often, know that they do not have the same feelings for you.

你不知疲倦地发送很长信息,但他们的回复只是一个简单的“嗯”。如果这经常发生,你要明白他们对你并没有和你对他们相同的感觉。

26

They press you to change yourself
他们要求你改变自己

When you started seeing each other, they seemed to love everything about you, but now, they nitpick about even the most trivial things. They feel irritated by the way you laugh, dress, walk, and even breathe. If they often press you to change yourself, then be sure that they are not suitable for you.

当你们开始约会时,他们似乎喜欢你的一切,但现在,他们处处吹毛求疵。你笑的样子、穿着方式、走路方式甚至呼吸方式都让他们看不惯。如果他们经常要求你改变你自己,那么就要知道他们并不适合你。

27

They never apologize
他们从不道歉

It does not matter if you are wrong or right; you are always the one apologizing. This is because you value them and want to maintain peace. However, refusing to admit their mistakes shows that their ego has a place higher than you in their life.

无论你是对是错,你总是道歉的那一方。这是因为你重视他们,想要维系感情稳定。但对方决绝承认错误,这表示在他们心中,他们自己的ego(面子)比你还要重要。

28

They have separate rules/双标

You are not allowed to hang out with friends, but they can drink even during the week. You have to keep them notified of your whereabouts, but they never bother to inform you even when working late. When the rules apply only to you, it suggests you don’t matter to them.

你不能和朋友出去玩,但他们在工作日甚至和可以和朋友去喝酒。你必须时刻告知对方你的行踪,但他们即使加班很晚也懒得告诉你一声。当规则只是施加于你一个人,这意味着你对他们而言并不重要。

29

They make too many demands
他们提出太多的强硬要求

They demand you to do stuff instead of requesting you. They order you to stop wearing a certain type of clothes or avoid meeting people they don’t like. In short, they dictate your life.

他们强硬要求你做事情,而非带着请求的态度。他们命令你不要再穿某种类型的衣服,不要再见某些他们不喜欢的人。简而言之,他们控制着你的生活。

30

He doesn’t seem to have anything meaningful to contribute to the conversation
他们对谈话没有任何有价值的贡献

The point of going on dates is to have a conversation that will help you get to know one another more than you already do. Communication will play a major role in the relationship if you decide to become partners. However, there is a problem when you are only having a one-sided conversation.

If your partner always lets you do the talking or only comments at his convenience, then what’s the point of having a conversation? You don’t want to be with someone who makes you feel like you talk too much when he is the one not saying anything meaningful in return.

约会的目的,是彼此交谈,互相进一步了解。如果你们想要建立关系,那么沟通就是很重要的要素。但如果你们都只是单方面谈话,那么就存在问题了。

如果对方总是让你聊,而且只是在自己随口评论两句,那么,这种谈话的意义是什么呢?你不需要和一个总是让你不断说话但自己却不提供任何有意义信息的人在一起。

31

He doesn’t allow you to ask him questions even though he is swamping you with enough questions to last the duration of the date
整个约会过程中,他不允许你问他问题,但却不断向你提问题

When a man doesn’t allow you to ask a question even though he had been asking numerous ones throughout the night (or day) during your first date, you better see it as a red flag. It is either he doesn’t trust what you’ve told him so far about yourself or he is trying to deflect any question you may want to ask about him.

当在首次约会中,一个人不允许你问他问题,但却在整个过程中向你提出无数的问题,那么你最好将此视为一个警示信号。要么是他不相信你告诉他的关于你自己的信息,要么是他在刻意回避你可能会想要问他的各种问题。

32

He uses an endearment for you on the first date
第一次约会就用亲昵称呼

Many people find it insulting to be referred to as ‘sweetheart, darling or honey' by someone they don’t know too well.

Even if you’re very much attracted to the man, it probably won’t sit well with you if he addresses you by an endearment—especially if you’re not familiar with each other.

很多人觉得被一些自己不熟的人称为“甜心”、“亲爱的”,是很具有侮辱性的。

即使你非常喜欢这个男人,但如果他用亲昵称呼来称呼你,尤其是你们还不熟悉的前提下,你很可能也会觉得很难接受。

33

Makes last-minute changes and ditches a prior meeting just to see you
为了见你临时取消已经定好的计划

While it is easy to get flattered by this seemingly selfless action, what happens when he does the same to you? It is not chivalry to abandon an earlier plan for someone else on a whim, especially when it happens too often.

虽然这种无私行为很容易让人自我感觉很好,但当他取消的是和你之间的计划时,会怎么办呢?很随性地为了某个人就放弃之前定好的计划,这并非骑士精神,尤其是这种情况频发时。

34

They always find fault with you
他们总是在挑你的毛病

No matter what you do or how well you do it, they always find some fault with it. They are never happy with anything you do. What they claim to be constructive criticism can prove destructive for your self-confidence.

无论你做什么,无论你做得多好,他们总是能找出毛病。他们对你做得任何事情都从不满意。他们口中所说的“建设性批评”最终只会对你的自信具有破坏性。

35

Negatively affecting your relationship with family and friends
破坏你和家人朋友的关系

For many of us, our family and friends provide an important sense of community. It’s a major red flag if someone in your life is negatively affecting your relationship with those you love. Healthy relationships should never come at the cost of other healthy relationships.

对我们很多人而言,朋友家人给我们提供了一种重要的社群感。如果你生命中有人破坏你和你所爱之人之间的关系,那么这就是一个重大的警示信号。健康的感情关系从来都不应该以其他的健康人际关系为代价。

Don’t let one red flag scare you off
不要被一个警示信号吓退

Red flags are generally bad, yes, but you also can’t just give up every time you see one. That won’t get you very far. Everyone has flaws, yourself included, and people deserve second chances to show you whether they’re really raising a red flag, or they just haven’t opened up to you yet. They may have been really nervous the first time they met you. Or maybe they acted selfishly at first because they wanted to impress you. Go beyond the first, awkward coffee date and try to get to know someone.

警示信号通常是不好的,这的确,但也不要每次看到一个就立马放弃,否则你的感情之路都不会有很大进展。每个人都有缺陷,你也一样,而且人们值得被给予第二次机会,向你证明他们是否的确是举起了一个警示信号,还是只是没有充分向你敞开心扉。可能他们第一次见你时真的很紧张,也或者他们第一次见你行为表现得自私是因为他们想给你留下深刻印象。在第一次尴尬的咖啡约会之后,给对方机会,试图进一步了解对方。

That red flag you noticed might not actually be red in the right light. Or you might realize they have so many, good qualities that you don’t care if they’re not into the same things you’re into, or you don’t like how they handle their money. You might want to give someone a few dates before you pull the plug.

Obviously if they’re really bad, or showing any of the more blaring warning signs we mentioned, don’t waste your time with them. However, if you only notice a few red flags, or they’re not glaring, they may be a product of nervousness or circumstance. Give them a chance to relax and get comfortable being themselves around you. Keep your eye out, but don’t abandon ship every time you see one flapping in the wind.

你所注意到的警示信号可能在适当情形下并非信号。也或者你可能觉得他们有那么多优良品质,因此你也不在乎他们是否和你有同样的兴趣或者是否赞同对方的消费方式。在你彻底拒绝之前,你可能需要给对方几次约会的机会。很明显,如果他们真的很差劲,或展现出我们上面提到的更严重的警示信号,那么就不要在他们身上浪费自己的时间。但如果你只是注意到少量警示信号,或者这些警示信号不那么严重,那么可能是因为当时对方紧张或当时具体情形所导致。给他们一个在你身边能感到放松、自在的机会。有警惕意识,但没必要每次看到有警示旗在空中飘荡时就弃船而逃。


How to approach red flags in a relationship
面对感情关系中的警示信号该如何应对

Like with any delicate social situation, addressing red flags in a relationship requires:

同其他任何微妙的社交情形一样,在感情中应对警示信号,也需要:

Tact/策略
Honesty/坦诚
Self-care /自我关怀

Taking care of yourself should be a top priority in life. If a relationship is coming between you and your happiness, something needs to change.

If you notice some red flags in your relationship, here’s how to approach them.

关怀自己,应该是人生中一个最重要事项。如果一段感情关系阻碍了你的幸福,那么就需要做出一些改变了。

如果你在感情关系中注意到了一些警示信号,那么以下是应对方式:

  1. Acknowledge your own needs

认可自己的需求

You should never have to sacrifice your own needs for someone else’s. Yes, compromise is healthy. But it isn't worth it if it comes at the cost of your happiness and subjective well-being.

Acknowledge your needs with a self-care plan. This can give you insight into what you really want out of life. And it can encourage you to speak up and be more direct about important relationship changes.

你绝不应该必须别人的需求而牺牲自己的需求。是的,让步,是健康的,但如果是以你的幸福和主观健康幸福感为代价,那么就不值得这样做。

通过自我关怀计划,认可个人需求。这会让你深入洞察你真正想从人生中得到什么。而且它可以鼓励你在感情关系重大变化方面为自己发声、更果断直接。

  1. Communicate/沟通

Communication is at the center of all healthy relationship dynamics. Without the freedom to express how you feel, very little progress can happen.

Sometimes, a partner or friend is unaware of how their actions affect you. You need to communicate with them openly before any changes can happen.

沟通是所有健康感情关系模式的核心。如果不能自由表达你的感受,那几乎就不会有任何进展。

有时,一个伴侣和朋友可能意识不到他们的行为对你产生了怎样的影响。在使改变发生之前,你需要开诚布公和他们沟通。

  1. Avoid being overly emotional

避免过度情绪化

There is nothing wrong with having or expressing feelings. But not using the right emotional regulation skills can cloud your judgment and trigger irrational responses.

When tackling a difficult subject within your relationship, maintaining a calm mentality can help you reach a solution as effectively and kindly as possible.

拥有或表达感受,这并无问题,但如果不采用正确的情绪管理技巧,则可能会影响你的判断力,引发对方不理性的应对方式。

当处理感情中的一个棘手问题时,保持冷静思维方式,可以让你们尽可能以有效且温和的方式达成解决方案。

  1. Seek professional help

寻求专业帮助

There’s only so much effort you can put in before you need external support.

Clinical psychologists and social workers are there to help people going through difficult stages and phases of life.

If you are dealing with an issue within your relationship and feel under-equipped to handle it, seeking professional help can make a tremendous difference.

你自己能做的,是有限度的。如果解决不了问题,就需要外部帮助。

临床心理学家和社会工作者会帮助人们度过人生困难阶段。

如果你在应对感情中的某个问题但觉得自己不足以应付,那么寻求专业帮助,会带来巨大变化。

  1. Be honest with yourself

对自己坦诚

Managing a series of red flags with your friend or partner is going to be much more challenging if you are not honest with yourself.

Conflict resolution is easier if everyone involved is being open and honest about how they really feel. Be honest with yourself, and don’t shy away from the truth.

如果你对自己都不坦诚,那么管理来自朋友或伴侣的一系列警示信号,将会变得更加困难。

在一场冲突中,如果相关人员都彼此坦诚告知自己的真实感受,那么就能更轻松地解决这一冲突。

对自己坦诚 ,不要逃避真实情况。

  1. Set boundaries

设定界限

Setting boundaries is one of the most important parts of a healthy human connection, regardless of whether it is with a friend, colleague, family member, or significant other.

We all need boundaries to protect ourselves and keep our relationships as sustainable as possible. You should clearly state your needs, boundaries, and deal-breakers with a loved one.

For example, if your colleague is demanding, don't be afraid to put down your foot and ask for some personal space.

设定界限,是一段健康人际关系中最重要的部分之一,无论是友情关系、同事关系、家人关系或爱情关系。

我们都需要个人界限来保护自己,维护感情关系的可持续性。

你应该向对方明确陈述自己的需求、界限和你最不允许的事情。

例如,如果你的同事总是提出苛刻要求,不要害怕坚定自己立场,要求对方给与自己个人空间。

  1. Reconnect with friends or family

与朋友家人重建联系

Whether it is a friendship, a work relationship, or a romantic one, negative relationships can be isolating. The more isolated you are, the harder it is to have perspective on yourself or see alternatives.

Although a bad relationship can strain your other relationships, spending time with the people who have known you for a long time can help you reconnect with your core values. Seek out people whom you respect and trust, even if you've been out of touch for awhile. Let them know that you miss and value their friendship.

Spending time with others can help you feel accepted and supported and remind you of your strengths.

无论是友情、工作关系或爱情关系,负面的人际关系可能会让人与世界脱离。你越与世界脱离,就越难以客观视角看待自己或其他可能选项。

尽管一段负面的人际关系会让你的其他人际关系变得紧张,但与和你相识已很久的人待在一起,可以帮助你重新找到你的核心价值观。找出那些你尊重和信任的人,即使你们已经有很长一段时间没有联系。让他们知道你怀念并重视他们的友谊。

和其他人共度一些时光,有助于让你感到被接纳、被支持,并让你重新意识到自己的长处和优势。

  1. Know when to leave

知道何时离开

Not all relationships are meant to last. While this can be a difficult truth to accept, understanding the importance of leaving a destructive relationship is the ultimate act of self-care.

You can’t reach your full potential if you are stuck in a relationship that drains your energy and prevents you from growing, doing your best, or finding joy. Have the courage to cut ties with toxic individuals and focus instead on repairing your relationship with yourself.

并非所有的感情关系都会持久的。尽管这可能是个严酷真相,但理解离开一段摧毁型感情关系的重要性,是自我关怀的终极举动。

如果你困在一段消耗你能量、阻止你成长、阻止你全力以赴、阻止你找到快乐的感情中,那么你就无法发掘出个人的最大潜力。有勇气摆脱毒性之人,聚焦于修复自己与自己之间的关系。

文章来源:

https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/modern-sex/202301/5-things-about-dating-i-wish-i-knew-sooner
https://www.scienceofpeople.com/red-flags/
https://www.verywellmind.com/10-red-flags-in-relationships-5194592
https://lifehacker.com/the-red-flags-to-look-out-for-when-you-start-dating-som-1758382710
https://edlatimore.com/red-flags-in-men/
https://www.betterup.com/blog/red-flags-in-a-relationship
https://www.beautyepic.com/red-flags-in-dating/
https://hernorm.com/dating-red-flags/

本期作者 高文洁

《再见爱人》第二季大结局了。

节目的设置是最后一天,男女双方需要做出决定,是否继续这段婚姻。如果在倒计时结束之前下车,就意味着愿意继续,不下车则代表婚姻就此止步。

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作为这一季全网知名度最高的夫妻,也是在“离”与“不离”之间摇摆最多次的夫妻,宋宁峰与张婉婷的结局有些出乎意料的浪漫:首先他们都下车了,其次宋宁峰向张婉婷求婚了。

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谁能想到,一个月之前,这对夫妻的热搜还都是 #窒息# #强势# #张婉婷7次打断宋宁峰说话# #张婉婷是救过宋宁峰的命吗# 这样的一些负面话题词,18天的旅程之后,他们拥有了一个圆满的结局。

我们一直期望,能更多地去看到婚姻之内在发生些什么。

因此,直到节目完结的这一刻,我们才决定来聊一聊,宋宁峰与张婉婷。


01
张婉婷之「罪」

张婉婷的每一次“情绪失控”都在互联网上遭到了不少的攻击,网友们把她推成了那个要为婚姻失败负责任的人,那个“有问题的人”。几乎所有人都一边倒地认为,这是张婉婷的错。

这也符合我们生活中,大多数人遇到婚姻问题时的状态:谁做错了?谁应该为问题负责?谁需要做出改变?谁改变了,这些痛苦和折磨就不存在了?我们把这种思考问题的方式叫作「线性因果」,一定是过去的什么事情或者某个人的什么事情,导致了现在的什么事情,只要“它”被改变了,问题就随之解决了。

这样思考问题的方法当然有好处,它给了我们一种确定感。就好像一个人生病发烧了,总得要知道病因是什么,才能对症下药。“找不到病因”远比“生病发烧”更令人感到恐惧,确定了病因就得到了控制感。

但这一套方法放到婚姻关系里,它也有一个致命的坏处,就是无论事实是怎样的,把问题归咎于一方,都会让两个人彼此之间的关系更加敌对。

节目中张婉婷和宋宁峰最激烈的一次争吵,发生在旅程过半的时候。

他们在车上讨论一个新闻事件,张婉婷出于经纪人的职业考虑,让宋宁峰不要发表自己的意见,宋宁峰对此发了脾气,认为张婉婷和之前一样在“堵自己的嘴”。

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张婉婷不理解,认为是节目组建议宋宁峰“多坦诚地表达自己的不舒服”,宋宁峰受到了其他人的暗示和影响,才会做出这样的行为。

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根据节目的呈现,这个时候的张婉婷,在之前的旅程中已经认识到了自己一些情绪上的问题,但当她感受到自己被归咎于一个“问题表现者”的时候,她会本能地抗拒,本能地自我保护,她要为自己发出一种呐喊叫作:难道你没有问题吗?

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「线性因果」的概念(谁做错了)很难在婚姻家庭中发生作用,因为它没有考虑到夫妻沟通和相互之间的影响。家庭治疗师也不会使用这样的思维去理解一个家庭,它很容易陷入一种“选边站”的窠臼,这意味着你赞同目前的糟糕局面是由一个人的“个体问题”所导致的。

而很显然,试图让一个人承认自己是“关系中的罪人”,并不会对婚姻关系产生良好的干预。


02
问题是系统的问题

那么,家庭治疗师会怎样看待这个问题?不管是什么流派的家庭治疗师,都有一个共同的基本概念叫作「循环因果」。也就是说,没有谁要为失败的婚姻“买单”——「问题是系统的问题」。

如果承认当下的糟糕局面是夫妻双方这个小型系统共同维持的,那么我们的关注点就自然而然变成了:这个系统是如何通过一系列的行为和反馈,维持了如今糟糕的现状?

我想尝试用节目的素材,还原一下张婉婷和宋宁峰的第一次争吵。

当时是旅程的第2天,大家在吃饭间隙聊到了有关“演员”的话题,宋宁峰作为一位演员,想要表达自己对于职业的一些理解和想法,张婉婷「打断」了他。

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宋宁峰在张婉婷第一次「打断」的时候便「停止」了发言,但在旁边人的「鼓励」下,「又开始」说话。

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看到宋宁峰没有听从自己的指令,反而听从了其他人的意见,张婉婷的反应升级,开始「指责」宋宁峰的发言。这种「指责」和「批评」在经纪人职业的包裹下,以一种专业性建议的方式被表达了出来。

(我们暂且不去探讨表达的逻辑和内容,只观察他们之间的沟通过程是如何发生的。)

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随着张婉婷的情绪越来越激动,宋宁峰的身体动作明显向后缩,他开始「脱离」整个对话的场域,第三方(卢歌)代替他开始说话。

当第三方开始替宋宁峰说话,张婉婷的情绪到达了爆发点,她「抱怨」在场的其他嘉宾,「质问」他们参与节目的初衷是什么,而这个时候,宋宁峰是「沉默」和「回避」的。

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亲密关系中,一方的「回避」往往会更加激发另一方的「追逐」,这是托马斯·福格蒂(1976)所描述的追求者-疏远者动力系统。晚上回到营地,张婉婷再次跟宋宁峰讨论起白天的事情,张婉婷「指责」宋宁峰白天的时候没有和自己站在一起,宋宁峰先是「否认」了张婉婷理解的“事实”,最后「放弃」了和婉婷继续对话。

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当宋宁峰出现「放弃」的姿态,张婉婷的情绪崩溃了。

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张婉婷「独自」一个人消化情绪,过了一会儿,宋宁峰回过头开始「主动示好」,给婉婷披上衣服、递上热茶。

这是我们暂且撇开沟通内容(他们在谈些什么),而观察到的一次完整的沟通过程(他们是如何交谈的)。我们能看到冲突是在双方的不断互动中发生、升级的:

张婉婷因为其他人对宋宁峰的影响而感觉受到了威胁,她可能变得容易生气;而这样,宋宁峰会感觉自己受到了否认和挑衅,并试图通过沉默和忍让的方式来回避张婉婷的情绪;但宋宁峰的回避只是让张婉婷更加确信,她的丈夫相比于她,更相信、更在乎身边的其他人,所以她的行为变得更加幼稚。

这样的一个完整的负性循环,在下一次会以同样的方式、但因为不同的事情而发生。

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你看,当我们把关注的焦点放在“个体问题”上,我们顺其自然就会思考:谁对,谁错?而当我们把关注的焦点放在“系统问题”上,我们才能够完整地理解这对夫妻之间在发生些什么,他们是通过一个什么样的负性循环保持了一种痛苦但平衡的状态。


03
改变的突破口是什么

因此,家庭治疗师的方法从来不是治疗某一个人,而是改变夫妻之间的互动。

对于宋宁峰和张婉婷来说,我们观察到的突破口,可能在上文提到的最激烈的那一次争吵之后。同样负面的路径再走了一遍,这次宋宁峰做出了一个与之前不同的行为。

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他在张婉婷情绪崩溃之后,开始对她“死缠烂打”,也不说话,也不跟她讨论谁对谁错,就在她旁边待着。

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我看到有很多观众对此十分不理解,觉得这不就是屈服于张婉婷吗?最后还不是遂了她的意吗?宋宁峰这样不是很活该吗?

作为观众,可以从这对夫妻样本中生出很多自己的看法;但作为家庭治疗师,我们知道每一对夫妻都是他们自己生活的专家,他们有权利选择一种让他们感到舒服的生活状态,重点在于他们感到舒服,我们不干涉。

宋宁峰呆在张婉婷身边“死缠烂打”,我看到的是,这至少突破了他们以往那种使问题持续发生的交互模式,而不仅仅在于张婉婷满意了。

后续的采访中,我们也可以看到宋宁峰自己的感受;

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以及张婉婷表达出她对宋宁峰的爱意。

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节目的最后,宋宁峰和张婉婷都选择了继续这段婚姻,并且,宋宁峰认真地向张婉婷求了一次婚,这一次,张婉婷相信了(他不是因为孩子才跟自己结婚)。

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宋宁峰说,他参加这个节目,是希望把问题抛出来,让嘉宾去看看,让观众去看看,到底是谁对谁错。

但最终,他们并没有得出一个「评判」,他们收获的是一段「探索」的旅程。

这很有趣——

即便他们没有抓住所谓确定的答案,但不影响他们得到了一个圆满的结局。


责 编:高文洁
撰 稿:高文洁
编 辑:崔 琪
美 编:郭雨馨

作者介绍
吴希
北师大方晓义教授婚姻与家庭团队成员
一位注重循证研究与临床体验结合的心理咨询师

最近刷朋友圈,有人拍摄晚高峰的马路上车灯闪烁,有人记录和伴侣时隔三年终于出门旅行,不禁让人感叹,正常的生活终于慢慢回来了。

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但同时,我们也感受到疫情三年遗留下的问题,还没有完全恢复。那些充斥在人与人之间的、爱与爱之间的张力和挑战,依然存在。研究发现,新冠疫情给亲密关系带来了多维度的激增压力源,总的来说,分为以下几类

· 疫情的“次生灾害”引发的现实压力

环境的不确定性,例如经济影响、失业和不稳定的住房,给关系带来了重大的外部压力(Andrasfay & Goldman,2021),此外,也有不少伴侣因客观原因不得不经历异地或者现实问题引发的对关系的重新评估。

在这样的背景下,对未来的迷茫、捉襟见肘的金钱问题以及由此引发的权力争夺都给关系增加了一层乌云密布。

· 长时间居家工作生活引发的冲突升级

无法区分工作和生活的边界,共享空间的增加与私人空间的减少,共处一室不得不面对各种日常琐事的“极限挑战”,激增的家务工作与育儿分工带来了新的现实压力(Goodboy,2021),尽管居家办公逐渐成为“过去式”,但引发的冲突升级可能给关系埋下了一颗不和谐的种子。

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· 疫情引发的个体心理压力

自己及身边人健康问题引发的死亡焦虑,不稳定的环境引发的屏障失灵与“替代性创伤”,由此激活的个体无意识的防御反应(如神经质重复和强迫性行为)和未解决的童年议题(不安全依恋模式)等,都使得个体的心理压力激增,甚至精神疾病恶化(Blackman,2020)。


01
其实,压力并不一定会导致关系质量下降

我们应对突然的外部压力,会经历一个不同压力反应的过程,心理学家Selye (1956)将压力反应描述为三个不同的阶段:

第一阶段是警报。在这个阶段,个体会感知到危险(此时,危险并不一定是现实意义的危险,泛指由不同压力源带来的刺激),身体产生应激激素,如肾上腺素和皮质醇。

第二阶段为阻力。一些心理咨询师也会将其称作防御(Blackman,2003),这个阶段,个体将会发展耐受性以适应压力带来的痛苦(Kernberg,1975)。

第三阶段 Selye 称为精疲力尽,类似于 Kris (1956) 所说的应变创伤。精疲力竭时,焦虑或情绪耗竭的程度会达到人们无法再用自我功能和防御机制来管理它的强度。他们不知所措,功能失调,并且可能会经历一般的身体痛觉。

在 Selye 的模式中,应变创伤涉及从抵抗到疲惫的转变,不同阶段均包含了神经递质与激素的过度分泌。

尤其在第一和第三阶段时,下丘脑-垂体和肾上腺激素大量产生,边缘系统激活,引起身体过度警觉和超负荷,在这个时期中,个体更容易表现出易激惹的行为,在亲密关系中,更容易表现出破坏性的应对状态

了解我们在应对压力过程中不同阶段的影响,对身处其中的自己或者伴侣会产生更多的理解。

但是,压力一定会导致彼此的攻击和关系的破坏吗

并非如此

因为作为共同面对激增压力源的一份子,伴侣可能是彼此唯一的支持系统。这可能会带来心烦意乱,也可能会让关系更亲近。

一方面,激增的压力对亲密关系带来了挑战和负面的影响。疫情期间,一些亲密关系经历了关系质量的大幅下降,甚至关系的破裂,被称为亲密关系幸福指数的“疫情下降COVID-DIP”(2022),研究者认为,这可能与高水平的外部日常压力会导致内部压力有关(Estlein&Lavee,2021)。

而另一方面,一些夫妻可能从危机中受益。近期,美国一项大范围的调查显示,在不同家庭生命周期中的伴侣中,56%的伴侣关系报告了亲密感上升。研究者认为,这可能因为伴侣在疫情期间将共度难关视为重新建立联系和重塑关系的机会,从而以积极的方式应对冲突(Hendrick,2020) 。

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可见,新增的压力源与升级的冲突,并不一定会导致关系质量的下降,相反,还有可能会提升亲密感——这其中重要的影响因素是我们看待压力的视角,以及我们应对冲突的方式


02
我们通常会用四种方式应对冲突

心理学家Caryl Rusbult (1982)按照“破坏性-建设性”(是否有利于亲密关系)、“主动-被动”(公开或者逃避面对问题)两个维度,将亲密关系中应对冲突的方式分为四类:退出、忽视、协商、忠诚。

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· 退出:破坏性+主动应对

退出指的是以主动、但破坏性的方式来应对冲突,例如粗暴地回应,对伴侣大喊大叫或者大打出手,利用分手或者离婚威胁对方,强硬地要求对方按照自己的标准行事。这里的退出,并不是回避的意思,而是说一旦冲突发生,就退出了“好好解决问题”的模式。

· 忽视:破坏性+被动应对

忽视指的是以被动、同时破坏性的方式来应对冲突,例如不直接跟伴侣讨论关键性的矛盾,反而因为与矛盾无关的事情指责对方,自顾自地与伴侣拉开距离等。

忽视的应对方式很容易让亲密关系中的两个人陷入两种恶性循环:一种是“追-逃”模式:一个人越想逃离冲突,使得另一个人更加逼近、想要施加更多的压力(Millder & Perlman,2010);另一种是由于长久地忽视,导致关系越来越趋于表面和谐、内在积怨。

· 协商:建设性+主动应对

协商是一种积极应对冲突的方式,协商者往往会跟另一半共同讨论问题,试图通过沟通来恢复亲密,当协商者认为两个人没办法解决问题的时候,也会积极寻求第三方(例如朋友、家人或者心理咨询师)的帮助。

这种应对冲突的方式,有利于关系进入一种相互尊重、积极反馈的正性循环。

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· 忠诚:建设性+被动应对

忠诚的应对方式是指一个人虽然不会主动交流,但也并不回避交流,他们往往会对关系保持乐观、静静等待情境的改善,在沟通过程中,忠诚者会坦诚地表达自己的想法,而不会像忽视者那样,隐藏自己的真实情绪。因此,忠诚是一种被动的、但同样有利于关系发展的冲突应对方式。


03
给“暗潮涌动”中的伴侣三个心理锦囊

加缪在小说《鼠疫》中这样描述现代城市中的爱情:“由于缺少时间和思考,人们只能处于相爱而又不自觉的状态。 ”

只有重大变故——比如鼠疫,比如新冠——才能打破这种麻木。当一切正常、平稳运行的时候,我们或是怠于思考,或是缺乏新的视角。只有踩下刹车,轨道逐渐偏离时,我们才有了推翻一切习惯、重新审视世界,认清自我和关系的动力

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疫情三年,对共同经历“暗潮涌动”的伴侣来说,既是共患难的挑战,亦是个人成长与发展关系新视角的机会。有三个心理锦囊送给你:

锦囊一
用发展中的视角,
重新思考伴侣和关系对你的意义

“陪伴是长情的告白,也是救命的浮木。”人作为社会动物,发展亲密关系并在其获益是本能亦是礼物。

从发展心理学的角度来看,人的发展是贯穿一生的,亲密关系是个体重要的资源。伴侣可以帮助我们来拓展自我、甚至在关系中呈现自我被压抑而无法表达的部分,让我们得以在更多维度表达自我、发现自我。

不确定的大环境下,亦让我们有机会来回归亲密关系的小环境,不妨用发展的视角看待此刻涌动的暗流,将其作为筑基和蓄能的机会,重新思考伴侣和关系对于自己的意义。

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锦囊二
用三个“不”,来提醒自己
如何发展建设性的冲突应对方式

人们在压力应对模式下,很容易丧失理智。一个快速有效的三不口诀,可以帮助我们在无法理智思考时及时暂停,恢复关系中更多建设性的冲突应对方式:

研究发现,有40%的人会在感到冲突和恼火时,选择不告诉伴侣(Millder& Perlman,2010)。事实上,比起这些没有被表达的冲突,直接发生的争吵对关系有更多积极的作用,它能满足人们在关系中自我表达的需求。

心理学家的共识是,一场建设性的沟通可以增进亲密性,双方在过程中都是赢家,会取得更多积极的结果(Bach&Wydan)。

· 不要口出恶言:关注情绪状态,进行“非暴力沟通”

人在应激状态下受到肾上腺素的影响,容易做出负面的、不当的回应,也可能会对于关系中的敌意过度警觉甚至曲解对方的动机。

当发现你或你的伴侣处于“警报”或者“精疲力竭”的压力应对阶段时,那么你需要先释放你的攻击性,或者先对自己、伴侣的状态进行安抚(比如先去房间里深呼吸一会,或者撸撸猫),再开始双方的交流。

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建设性的应对冲突的方式的核心,在于人们面对冲突时的自我控制。有意识地控制自己的愤怒、控制住自己恶意的念头,用友好的方式进行沟通,有助于我们将原本可能带来伤害的冲突,转变为促进亲密关系的工具。

· 不要负面循环:识别冲突关键点

我们会在亲密关系中投射个体的内部依恋模式,个体在关系中的创伤也常在关系中无意识匹配。伴侣咨询中,心理咨询师会鼓励帮助伴侣识别和标记冲突中的关键点。

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锦囊三
涵容关系中曾经的敌意与破坏,
理解挫折、拥抱脆弱、哀悼丧失

我们每个人,都或多或少带着自己在关系中的伤痕来到了亲密关系中。亲密关系中曾经的敌意,是我们心中的刺,亦是心中的伤。

“像没有被伤害过那样去爱”是一句鸡汤,更像一个决定。或许时钟再拨动10年、20年以后,回望此刻的疫情三年,只觉挫折、脆弱、丧失已化为亲密关系中成长的养料。

我们无法否认,疫情三年带来的压力与困难,不会在抗原转为一档杠的时刻消失殆尽;同样无法否认,除了新冠之外,我们的亲密关系还面临着许多外部不可抗的威胁、突发事件和不确定性因素。

——你我都必须在这些暗潮涌动中去改变、去成长、去接纳、去疗愈。

如果今天的文章对你有所帮助,欢迎「转发」给更多的朋友看见。祝,新年快乐。


参考文献

Andrasfay, T., & Goldman, N. (2021). Reductions in 2020 US life expectancy due to COVID-19 and the disproportionate impact on the Black and Latino populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(5), 1- 6.

Goodboy, A. K., Dillow, M. R., Knoster, K. C., & Howard, H. A. (2021). Relational turbulence from the COVID-19 pandemic: Within-subjects mediation by romantic partner interdependence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(6), 1800-1818.

Blackman, J. (2003). 101 defenses: How the mind shields itself. New York: Routledge.

Blackman, J.S. A psychoanalytic view of reactions to the coronavirus pandemic in China*. Am J Psychoanal 80, 119–132 (2020).

Selye, H. (1956). The stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1976.

Selye, H. (2011). General adaptational syndrome (GAS)—Theory of stress. Nursing Theories. https://www.currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Selye's_stress_theory.html. 1972.

Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York: Aronson.

Kris, E. (1956). The recovery of childhood memories in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child,11(1), 54-88.

Rusbult, C. E.,Zembrodt, I. M., & Gunn, L. K. (1982). Exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect:Responses to dissatisfaction in romantic involvements. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology, 43(6), 1230.

Millder, R., &Perlman, D. (2010). Intimate Relationship. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Company.

Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (2020). Romantic Love in the Age of COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(6-7), 540-543.

Estlein, R., Gewirtz-Meydan, A., & Opuda, E. (2022). Love in the time of COVID-19: A systematic mapping review of empirical research on romantic relationships one year into the COVID-19 pandemic. Family Process, 61, 1208-1228.

责 编:高文洁
撰 稿:吴 希
编 辑:崔 琪
美 编:杨婉婷

本期作者 肉球儿

我有一个升职的机会,需要先外派到其他城市工作三年,但这样就会和伴侣分开,我该如何抉择?

伴侣对狗狗过敏,我要把我养了三年的狗狗送人吗?

伴侣想吃火锅,而我想吃烤肉,我是陪Ta吃火锅还是坚持吃烤肉?

......

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在亲密关系中,我们常常会遇到这样大大小小的问题。毕竟,对一方最有利的事情并不总是符合另一方的利益。面对这种问题,是为爱牺牲还是坚持自我?什么样的选择可以让亲密关系更加稳定幸福?一直以来都有两种不同的声音


01
为爱牺牲

在这个世界上,让我们富有的不是我们得到了什么,而是我们放弃了什么 (In this world it is not what we take up, but what we give up that makes us rich)。

——亨利·沃德·比彻 (Henry Ward Beecher)

很多朋友秉持着亨利·沃德·比彻的观念,认为伴侣双方相互理解、相互包容、相互成全是幸福的秘诀,要想经营好亲密关系,在必要的时候需要妥协与让步,做出一定的牺牲。在自己与伴侣的利益相冲突时,会为了伴侣或亲密关系而放弃自己的切身利益。

一些心理学研究指出,这种牺牲向伴侣传递了自己希望继续下去这段关系的信号,提高了伴侣的信任水平,能让伴侣感受到温暖与爱,增加伴侣双方对关系的满意度,使亲密关系更加持久(Kogan et al., 2010)。


02
坚持自我

我以我的生命和对生命的爱发誓,我绝不为他人而活 (I swear, by my life and my love of it, that I will never live for the sake of another man)。

——安·兰德,《阿特拉斯耸耸肩》 (Ayn Rand,《Atlas Shrugged》)

还有些朋友则坚持安·兰德的观念,奉承着个体主义婚姻观,认为亲密关系的存在是为了提高个人幸福感、最大限度地帮助个体实现心理成长;而将伴侣的需求放在自己需求之前则压抑了自己真实的欲望,这种压抑与付出感会促使牺牲者向受益者索求更多的回报,一旦不被满足,牺牲者就会心生怨怼,导致双方都对关系失去信心

研究者也指出,自我牺牲的确会使关系满意度降低(Whiffen et al., 2007)。这时,坚持自我似乎才是最佳选择。

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然而,在面对一些利益冲突时,如果伴侣双方都坚持自我则可能直接导致关系的破裂,但自我牺牲似乎也并不总是最佳选择。那究竟什么情况下自我牺牲才是好的选择?心理学家给出了以下建议:


1
看牺牲的动机——接近动机幸福,回避动机痛苦

Impett等人(2005)的研究指出,牺牲究竟是否会使伴侣双方更幸福取决于牺牲行为本身是接近行为还是回避行为

当个体抱着成就伴侣、让伴侣更加开心和快乐等接近动机做出牺牲时,伴侣会因为牺牲者所做的努力而感到快乐与感激,牺牲者自身在看到伴侣的积极反应时,也会因自己的牺牲能使伴侣开心而感到幸福。

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但是,当个体抱着为了避免伴侣难过、失望和伤心等回避动机作出牺牲时,伴侣会敏锐地觉察到牺牲者这么做是为了防止问题发生,并不会产生太多的积极反馈,甚至可能会感到负担,而牺牲者也可能因付出而感到疲惫。

因此,以接近为目的的牺牲能让伴侣双方都开心,而以回避为目的的牺牲则会使伴侣双方都难过

2
看牺牲的大小——小牺牲幸福,大牺牲痛苦

研究(Dew et al., 2011)发现,当牺牲行为对自身利益损伤不大又有助于伴侣获益时,双方都会更幸福快乐

比如:在能力范围内为伴侣提供经济支持、牺牲一点睡眠或休闲娱乐时间为伴侣准备一顿美食、压抑自己的愤怒与想要惩罚伴侣的冲动、原谅伴侣的小错误,这些“小恩小惠”不仅会使伴侣感到快乐和感激,也会增加牺牲者的个人价值感,提高双方对关系的满意度

但是,当牺牲行为需要个体付出巨大的成本时,伴侣双方都在随后的生活中对关系丧失信心。比如,背井离乡、放弃职业发展机会甚至放弃工作,这些重大牺牲会改变牺牲者的生活轨迹,这种生活轨迹的改变会让牺牲者反复想起自己做出的让步,被压抑的需要和欲望不断浮现,出现痛苦的感觉,长此以往伴侣也会感到痛苦。

因此,小的牺牲是亲密关系的调味剂,而重大牺牲不仅不会让伴侣双方更幸福,反而会让彼此都更痛苦

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所以,当和伴侣出现利益冲突时,是坚持自我还是为爱牺牲,一方面要看自己为什么而牺牲,一方面也要看这个牺牲对自己的影响究竟有多强

当然,心理学的这些研究结果并不是让我们当成金科玉律去奉行,毕竟生活远比实验结果复杂得多,这些结果更多地是在提供一种参考。

例如,以我们开头的小问题为例,要不要为了跟伴侣在一起而牺牲自己事业晋升的机会,拒绝异地工作三年,客观来讲,这种牺牲对于当事人来说不是一件小事,假如要选择牺牲,就需要跟伴侣有充分的沟通,确定对方的心意,是否愿意接受这样的牺牲,防止给彼此带来过多的心理负担。


参考文献

Dew, J., & Wilcox, W. B. (2011). Give and You Shall Receive? Generosity, Sacrifice, & Marital Quality. National Marriage Project Working Paper. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1970016

Impett, E. A., Gable, S. L., & Peplau, L. A. (2005). Giving up and giving in: the costs and benefits of daily sacrifice in intimate relationships. Journal of personality and social psychology, 89(3), 327.

Kogan, A., Impett, E. A., Oveis, C., Hui, B., Gordon, & A. M., Keltner, D. (2010). When giving feels good: The intrinsic benefits of sacrifice in romantic relationships for the communally motivated. Psychological Science, 21, 1918–1924.

Whiffen, V. E., Foot, M. L., & Thompson, J. M. (2007). Self-silencing mediates the link between marital conflict and depression. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(6), 993–1006.

责 编:刘祥宇
撰 稿:肉球儿
编 辑:高文洁
美 编:何文宣
图源 | pexels