分类 亲子关系 下的文章

北师大家庭与儿童发展实验室
我们隶属于北京师范大学发展心理研究院,专注于中国婚姻与家庭研究,致力于将实用有趣的学术成果分享给大家。

本期作者 卢思伶
北京师范大学心理学部2020级本科生

随着社会的快速发展,生活成本增加、生活节奏加快,许多新手父母作为职场的主力军,通常很难有时间照顾和陪伴孩子。于是,越来越多的祖父母挑起了照顾孙辈的大梁。这种由祖辈承担主要或全部照顾、教育责任,并且持续时间达到一年以上的抚养方式,被称为隔代抚养(詹爽, 2017)。

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每当我们谈起隔代抚养,往往都伴随着这样的担心:

“都说老人带娃容易有‘隔代亲’,会不会惯坏孩子?”

“爸妈有些思想观念过于老套、还有不少陋习,会不会让孩子养成不良习惯?”

“把娃交给爸妈带,回头跟我不亲了怎么办?”

…………

在以往的文献资料中,我们似乎更加关注隔代抚养给孩子造成的影响,却忽视了曾经把我们拉扯大的父母已经年迈,对于他们而言,养育孙辈并非易事。本期,我们将视线投向帮忙带娃的祖父母们,看看照料孙子女会给他们的生活带来怎样的影响和改变。


1.从个体的视角看
隔代抚养对老人自己身心健康的影响

“好不容易将孩子哄睡着,赶紧打扫房子,洗衣服做饭,等精疲力尽的时候想坐下休息,那时孩子又醒了。”

“吃饭上厕所都是一种奢侈,腾不出手做其他的事情。出个门都像打仗一样,上厕所要抱着娃,洗澡必须要很快地完成。家务做不完,吃饭从来没按时过。最可怕的是孩子半夜总是吵夜,自从有孩子后再也没有睡过整觉了。”

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对大部分父母来说,带娃是件体力活,更何况是上了年纪且身体素质较差的老人呢?

隔代抚养或可导致老年人更多健康问题

隔代抚养需要耗费老人大量的时间和精力,不仅会增加老年人的劳动量,更可能让他们脱不开身,日常社交、看病、锻炼身体等等活动都会被耽误(顾超凡, 2019)。

科学研究表明,参与隔代抚养的老年人健康问题更多(Faps, 2010; Silverstein, 2008)、患冠心病的风险更高(Lee et al., 2011)、日常生活功能更受影响(Minkler, 1999)。还有研究发现,原本身体健康状况良好的祖辈在承担孙辈主要抚养责任后,身体功能和健康都发生了不良的变化,且伴随着焦虑等负性情绪的增加(Peterson, 2017)。

隔代抚养给老年人带来自我价值感

是否隔代抚养只会给老年人带来一些负面的影响呢?并不是。

由于身体机能的下降和社会环境因素的影响,老年人参与社会活动的机会、种类和频率都大打折扣(李渊柏, 2019),这使得老年群体本身就面临着孤独感和缺乏自我价值感的问题。

虽然带娃很累,但有了孙子女在旁陪伴,祖父母的孤独感也能够得到一定程度的缓解(Aassive et al., 2012)。此外,照料孙子女的过程还能帮助老人获得自尊心和成就感,重新找到人生的目标(Di et al., 2016; Noriega et al., 2016)。

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值得注意的是,隔代抚养是否能够产生这样积极的心理效益,很大程度上取决于老人的意愿和心态。假如老人赋闲在家、乐于代劳,对他们而言,孩子就能够作为陪伴者和情感依托,更有机会形成良好的祖孙关系,带来积极的心理效益;然而,不少隔代抚养关系的形成都是受到客观压力的影响,父母和老人并非心甘情愿,此时,老人若将孩子视为负担,则更有可能产生焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪(张田, 傅宏, 2017),在身心健康方面都受会到消极的影响。


2.从家庭的视角看
隔代抚养对老人生活的影响

“羊肉串不卫生,就不能吃。”

“今天你要是不好好吃饭就揍你!”

“你跟孩子发什么火?吃个羊肉串怕什么,走,爷爷给你买!”

由于生长在不同年代,祖辈与父辈之间的思想观念和教育理念存在差异,因此发生冲突的情况屡见不鲜。我们把这种因存在代际差异思想观念和行为模式导致的碰撞称为代际冲突(丁浩, 2019)。

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加剧了老人与子女两个家庭间的冲突

在隔代抚养家庭中,由于孩子爸妈与家中老人和小孩的沟通相对贫乏,代际冲突问题往往更加严重。有学者对重庆市60个隔代抚养家庭进行调查,结果显示:祖辈与子女经常发生矛盾、甚至矛盾大到无法沟通的家庭占比高达43.7%(沈锄云, 2000)。

此外,祖辈的教养方式容易出现过度纵容、“重养轻教”等问题(童春旺, 2004; 刘云, 赵振国, 2013),进而可能导致孩子学业表现更差(Edwards, 2003),有更多的情绪和行为问题(刘云, 赵振国, 2013; 王玲凤, 2007)。这使得许多父母在发现孩子养成的各种坏习惯后,责怪老人溺爱孩子,与老人爆发冲突,进而导致两代人之间矛盾重重。

隔代抚养降低了老年人家庭的生活质量

在隔代抚养家庭中,除代际冲突外,祖父母之间的内部冲突也更为明显。研究证据表明,承担孙辈主要抚养责任的夫妻之间交流时间更少,存在更多的婚姻问题,更难感受到来自配偶的支持(Minkler et al., 1994)。然而,家庭支持是老人幸福感最为重要的来源(李渊柏, 2019),冲突不断的家庭关系将严重损害老人的生活质量,亦不利于孩子的成长。

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3.不得不隔代抚养的情况下
这样做可以有效降低隔代抚养的消极影响

那么,我们了解到隔代抚养对孩子成长的影响是存在多种可能性的,既有可能给老人带来自我价值感提升等积极影响,也有可能带来生活质量下降、家庭矛盾增多等消极影响。在现实生活中,大部分父母并非主动成为“甩手掌柜”,而是由于进城务工或工作压力不得不选择让老人帮忙照看孩子。假如实在没有办法照顾孩子,我们可以采取哪些方式方法来降低隔代抚养带来的消极影响呢?对此,本文提出以下建议:

(1)在将孩子交给祖辈抚养之前,充分确认祖辈的意愿和身体状况。被动地承担孙辈抚养责任对祖辈身心健康都具有较大危害,所以在做出隔代抚养决定前,必须与祖辈充分协商。

(2)无论再忙也要抽出时间与家人保持联系。由隔代抚养导致的家庭矛盾主要源自于沟通的缺乏,但在外打拼的父母往往容易忽略这一点。

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随着科技的发展,沟通更为方便、快捷,消息、语音和视频通话虽然不能代替亲身陪伴,却可以拉近家庭成员之间的心理距离,随时传达对家人的关心与牵挂。若是不能相伴身侧,不妨教教爸妈如何使用社交软件,约定好每周的通话时间,在丰富爸妈老年生活之余,还能帮助爸妈接触新时代的思想观念,最重要的是,让家人及时收到你的关心。

(3)有效沟通,向祖辈传达科学的教育理念。受制于社会发展水平,祖辈受教育年限普遍不高,在孙辈教养过程中可能存在许多误区。因此,向祖辈传达科学的教育理念尤为重要。与祖辈沟通的过程中,需要注意换位思考,给予充分的尊重与理解,在此基础上争取对方的支持。

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(4)若条件允许,尽可能与祖辈分工合作、共同教养孩子(称为“代际联合抚养”),不要将孩子完全“丢”给祖辈养育。研究表明,比起隔代抚养,代际联合抚养对祖辈心理健康、家庭关系和孩子成长都更有益处。

欢迎在评论区留言或者与其他伙伴互动,分享你与爷爷奶奶/姥姥姥爷共同生活的故事~


参考文献

丁浩. (2019). 结构家庭治疗模式介入城市隔代抚养家庭代际冲突问题的研究--以Y市A家庭个案研究为例(硕士学位论文). 华中科技大学, 武汉.

顾超凡. (2019). 隔代抚养祖辈心理状况及影响因素的作用路径研究(硕士学位论文). 郑州大学, 郑州.

李渊柏. (2019). 老年人婚姻满意度与健康的关系: 交叉滞后研究(硕士学位论文). 北京师范大学, 北京.

刘云, 赵振国. (2013). 隔代教养对学前儿童情绪调节策略的影响. 学前教育研究, 2, 37–42.

沈锄云. (2000). 认知隔代教育. 老年人, 9, 4–5.

童春旺. (2004). 隔代教养: 未成年人犯罪不可忽视的家庭因素. 江西公安专科学校学报, 1, 43–45.

王玲凤. (2007). 隔代教养幼儿的心理健康状况调查. 中国心理卫生杂志, 21, 672–674.

詹爽. (2017). 亲子关系与亲隔代抚养儿童行为问题的关系: 儿童情绪调节的作用(硕士毕业论文). 北京师范大学, 北京.

张田, 傅宏. (2017). 隔代抚养关系中老年人心理状态的影响因素. 中国老年学杂志, 37(20), 5169–5170.

Aasssive, A., Arpino, B., & Goisis, A. (2012). Grandparenting and mothers’ labor force participation:A comparative analysis using the generations and gender survey. Demographic Research, 27(3), 53–84.

Di, G. G., Glaser, K., & Tinker, A. (2016). The impact of caring for grandchildren on the health of grandparents in Europe: A lifecourse approach. Social Science & Medicine, 152, 166–175.

Edwards, O. W. (2003). Living with grandma: A grandfamily study. School Psychology International, 24, 204–217.

Faps, H. W. (2010). Grandparenting: Diversity in grandparent experiences and needs for healthcare and support. Int J Evid Based Healthc, 8(4), 277–283.

Lee, S., Colditz, G., Berkman, L., & Kawachi, I. (2011). Caregiving to children and grandchildren and risk of coronary heart disease in women. American Journal of Public Health, 93(11), 1939–1944.

Minkler, M., Roe, K. M., & Robertson-Beckley, R. J. (1994). Raising grandchildren from crack-cocaine households: Effects on family and friendship ties of African-American women. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64, 20–29.

Minkler, M. (1999). Intergenerational households headed by grandparents: Contexts, realities, and implications for policy. Journal of Aging Studies, 13, 199–218.

Noriega, C., Lopez, J., Dominguez, R., & Velasco, C. (2016). Perceptions of grandparents who provide auxiliary care: value transmission and child-rearing practice. Child & Family Social Work, 22(3), 1227–1236.

Peterson, T. L. (2017). Changes in health perceptions among older grandparents raising adolescent grandchildren. Soc Work Public Health, 32(6), 394–406.

Silverstein, L. A. B. M. (2008). Depressive symptoms among grandparents raising grandchildren: The impact of participation in multiple roles. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 6(3), 285–304.

策划 | 蔺秀云
撰写 | 卢思伶
编辑 | 丁欣怡
网络图源 | 侵删

本期作者 崔琪

不知不觉,2022年已经走到了12月,我们也迎来了愈发寒风凛冽的冬天。在这寒冷的日子里,相信很多人都想窝在温暖的屋子里,重温那部暖冬必备韩剧——《请回答1988》。这部韩剧讲述了1988年起发生在双门洞胡同的五个家庭间平凡而温暖的岁月。而女主角德善,就是这个故事的主要成员。

德善是家里的第二个孩子,上有成绩优秀的姐姐、下有备受宠爱的弟弟,德善夹在中间,成了被父母忽视的那个孩子。妈妈只给姐姐和弟弟煎鸡蛋、分鸡腿,爸爸也只给弟弟买冰淇淋,家里还会在姐姐生日那天顺带给德善庆生,因为三天后是德善自己的生日。父母的偏心最终让德善情绪爆发,也终于让家人看到了他们对德善的疏忽和德善的委屈。

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在多子女家庭中,这种父母偏爱的现象似乎经常出现,很多父母都会对孩子有一定的差别对待。尤其是近年来,随着二胎、三胎政策的推出与落实,越来越多的中国家庭从一家三口变成了一家四口、一家五口,家庭成员的增加与家庭结构的改变无疑给父母带来了新的挑战,也对整个家庭产生了巨大的影响。想必很多二胎、三胎家庭的父母都会思考,我该怎么对待不同的孩子呢?我能做到公平吗?我能让孩子们都健康成长吗?

今天,我们就来探讨一下父母偏爱现象及其对孩子的影响与应对方法


01
什么是父母偏爱

父母偏爱,又称为父母差别对待,是指父母教养或被认为教养某一个或某几个孩子的方式更加积极,在情感付出、资源投入或者行为管教等方面更多地指向某一个或某几个子女,而更少地指向其他子女(Brody et al., 1998; Jensen, & Whiteman, 2014; 罗芮等, 2022)。

父母偏爱现象普遍存在于多子女家庭之中,根据Shebloski等人(2005)的调查,美国有65%的家庭存在父母偏爱,而东方家庭受儒家等级思想和“重男轻女”思想的影响,父母偏爱现象更为普遍、偏爱水平也更高(Barrett Singer, & Weinstein, 2000)。

这种偏爱体现在很多方面,以出生顺序为例,在二胎家庭中,父母往往会给头胎儿童更多的权利、分配给他们更多家务,给二胎儿童更多的照料和更长时间的陪伴(Tucker et al., 2003);而在三胎家庭中,二胎儿童则是不太会被偏爱的那个(Salmon et al., 2012),就像上面提到的德善那样。

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当然,并不是每个家庭都会存在这种情况,父母对孩子的差别对待会受到很多因素的影响,出生顺序只是其中之一。张婷婷和曹晓君(2021)对可能的影响因素进行了概述,将其分为内部和外部两个方面。

内部因素:儿童的性别、出生顺序、发展水平、个人特质、身心健康以及儿童对父母差别对待的认知,父母的个人特质、情绪、受教育程度等。

外部因素:家庭混乱、婚姻关系、家庭类型、家庭经济地位、文化环境等。

请你回想一下,你们家是否受其中某些因素的影响而存在父母偏爱呢?你的家庭又因为这种偏爱出现了什么样的变化呢?带着这种思考,我们继续探讨父母偏爱的影响。


02
父母偏爱对孩子的影响

首先,从个体的角度看,父母的差别对待会对儿童产生较多负面影响。有研究表明,父母偏爱与子女的情绪、行为问题有关(Coldwell et al., 2008; Singer, & Weinstein, 2000),并远超过父母教养本身的影响,无论父母的教养方式是积极的,还是多管教、少温暖的,当孩子感受到来自父母的差别对待时,都会产生不公平感,从而导致孩子在童年和青春期表现出更多问题行为,如抑郁、攻击行为等(Boyle et al., 2004; Jensen et al., 2018; Jeannin & van Leeuwen, 2015; 石鑫欣, 吴怡霏, 冯迎, 2022)。

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这种消极影响并不仅仅出现在不被偏爱的孩子身上,被过度偏爱的孩子同样会存在这些问题,因为他们都有可能认为自己应该得到的与已经得到的之间存在差距(Kowal et al., 2002)。

其次,从家庭的角度看,父母偏爱会影响同胞、亲子之间的关系。在不同年龄阶段,父母对孩子的差别对待都往往会引起同胞间的敌意和冲突。

比较常见的一个现象的是,当父母为了养育年幼的孩子而忽视年长的孩子时,被忽视的孩子就会将弟弟/妹妹视作竞争对手,表现出各种问题行为、乃至出现发展水平的倒退以赢回父母的注意,而这种嫉妒情绪也会对随后同胞关系的建立产生消极影响。

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而父母在面对这些同胞冲突时,会感受到自己与被忽视孩子之间的关系变得疏远,产生一些负面的感受,比如内疚、伤感等,这些感受有时反而会进一步阻碍父母有效处理出现在孩子身上的问题,并使亲子关系更加紧张(陈斌斌, 施泽艺, 2017)。

可以看到,父母偏爱对家庭有着诸多不利之处,但我们也需要看到父母差别对待的积极一面,并采取有效措施来减少其消极影响。


03
如何有效应对父母偏爱

进行“因材施教”的差异化教养

对于父母而言,做到“绝对平等”是十分困难的,而且孩子想要的也并不是绝对平等。有研究表明,父母对自己的略微偏爱是青少年认为最符合公平原则的做法,因为这意味着父母能够根据孩子的不同特征和需求,有针对性地进行教养(罗芮 等, 2022)。因此,父母应注意观察孩子之间的区别,因材施教,通过这种差异化教养促进儿童的个性化发展,使父母差别对待带来更高的收益。

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引导孩子正确归因

父母的差别对待有时并非有意为之,甚至父母可能觉得自己是公平的、没有偏心的。但孩子往往并不清楚父母行为背后的真正原因,可能会对父母的想法产生误解,认为自己受到了不公正对待,并因此表现出各种问题行为。所以父母可以在日常生活中加强与孩子之间的沟通,培养孩子的判断力,引导孩子对父母的差别对待进行正确归因,从而减少潜在的家庭冲突、避免父母差别对待的恶性升级(张婷婷, 曹晓君, 2021)。

有意识地降低差别对待

父母可以通过学校讲座、媒体报道、专业资料等途径了解父母偏爱的消极后果,当认识到自己对某个孩子有较大程度的偏爱或忽视时,主动地、有意识地降低这种差别对待,并对当前孩子的情绪和行为进行观察,以孩子能接受的方式对待他们,进行合理的干预教育,从而最大程度减少父母差别对待带来的危害(张婷婷, 曹晓君, 2021)。

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大家是否有与父母偏爱相关的经历呢?是否有其他应对父母偏爱的有效方法呢?欢迎大家「留言」讨论。


参考文献

陈斌斌, 施泽艺. (2017). 二胎家庭的父母养育. 心理科学进展, (07), 1172-1181.

罗芮, 赵云燕, 何然, 王耘, 陈福美. (2022). 二孩家庭父母偏爱的特点及其与青少年抑郁的关系. 心理与行为研究, (05), 657-664.

石鑫欣, 吴怡霏, 冯迎. (2022). 父母差别对待与青少年问题行为的关系:一个有调节的中介模型. 心理与行为研究, (05), 644-650.

张婷婷, 曹晓君. (2021). 二胎家庭中父母差别对待的影响因素. 应用心理学, (02), 156-168.

Barrett Singer, A. T., & Weinstein, R. S. (2000). Differential parental treatment predicts achievement and self-perceptions in two cultural contexts. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(3), 491–509, doi:10.1037/0893-3200.14.3.491.

Boyle, M. H., Jenkins, J. M., Georgiades, K., Cairney, J., Duku, E., &Racine, Y. (2004). Differential-maternal parenting behavior:Estimating within- and between-family effects on children. Child Development, 75(5), 1457–1476, doi: 10.2307/3696494.

Brody, L. R., Copeland, A. P., Sutton, L. S., Richardson, D. R., & Guyer,M. (1998). Mommy and Daddy like you best: Perceived familyfavouritism in relation to affect, adjustment and family process.Journal of Family Therapy, 20(3), 269–291, doi: 10.1111/1467-6427.00087.

Coldwell, J., Pike, A., & Dunn, J. (2008). Maternal differential treatment and child adjustment: A multi-informant approach. Social Development, 17(3), 596–612, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00440.x.

Jeannin, R., & van Leeuwen, K. (2015). Associations between direct and indirect perceptions of parental differential treatment and child socioemotional adaptation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(6),1838–1855, doi: 10.1007/s10826-014-9987-3.

Jensen, A. C., & Whiteman, S. D. (2014). Parents’ differential treatment and adolescents’ delinquent behaviors: Direct and indirect effects of difference-score and perception-based measures. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 549–559.

Jensen, A. C., McHale, S. M., & Pond, A. M. (2018). Parents’ social comparisons of siblings and youth problem behavior: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 2088–2099,doi: 10.1007/s10964-018-0865-y.

Kowal, A., Kramer, L., Krull, J. L., & Crick, N. R. (2002). Children’s perceptions of the fairness of parental preferential treatment and their socioemotional well-being. Journal of Family Psychology, 16(3),297–306, doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.16.3.297.

Salmon, C. A., Shackelford, T. K., & Michalski, R. L. (2012). Birth order,sex of child, and perceptions of parental favoritism. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 357–362, doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.033

Shebloski, B., Conger, K. J., & Widaman, K. F. (2005). Reciprocal links among differential parenting, perceived partiality, and self-worth: A three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(4), 633–642, doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.19.4.633

Singer, A. T. B., & Weinstein, R. S. (2000). Differential parental treatment predicts achievement and self-perceptions in two cultural contexts.Journal of Family Psychology, 14(3), 491–509, doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.14.3.491.

Tucker, C. J., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (2003). Dimensions of mothers' and fathers' differential treatment of siblings: Links with adolescents' sex-typed personal qualities. Family Relations, 52, 82–89.

策 划:刘祥宇
撰 稿:崔 琪
编 辑:高文洁

作者介绍 李坷蔓

想象一下:你们家的小朋友今天放学回家时,手里拿着得了满分的试卷,洋洋得意地告诉你:“今天我考了一百分!班上只有几个人考到满分呢!”这个时候你会说点什么?你是否会表扬Ta,说:“我们宝贝真聪明,是爸爸妈妈的骄傲!”又或者,“总体看来还是不错,但一定要戒骄戒躁,下次继续努力!”

通常,我们认为夸奖是一种有利于孩子发展的教养行为。一方面,基于行为主义的观点,赞美是一种积极的强化物——父母教师的夸奖能让儿童朝着成年人所希望的方向行进。另一方面,父母(或主要照顾者)的表扬也能营造积极的家庭氛围,让孩子感受到父母的爱和支持(Webster-Stratton & Hammond, 1997)。然而,近年来心理学家的研究揭示了夸奖的“两面性”——如果家长和老师走入夸奖的误区,来自他们的赞美反而会阻碍儿童和青少年的发展。

今天的文章我们就来聊一聊夸奖孩子的“雷区”,以及正确夸奖孩子的4个关键


同伴比较式夸奖 VS.个人比较式夸奖

日常生活中能发现,很多父母在表扬孩子的时候,隐约着会透出一种“比别人好”的意味。比如,孩子拿了第一名时,父母们会说:“你真棒,拿了这个比赛的第一名,表现得比其他人都好!”又比如,孩子期末考试结了,“你这次考试比我们单位老王家的儿子多考了十几分呢,真不错!”

当我们普遍意识到“别人家的孩子”式批评存在危害时,却往往忽略了那些习以为常的“别人家的孩子”式表扬同样不利于儿童发展。研究表明,在同伴比较式表扬下成长的儿童会倾向于以超越他人为努力目标,难以享受学习过程本身,并且出现更多的负面情绪(王桂平&陈会昌,2004;Corpus et al., 2006)。

虽然同伴比较式夸奖会对孩子产生消极影响,但并非不能使用比较的方法夸奖孩子。更恰当方式是与个人进行比较,夸奖孩子相比过去变得更加优秀的地方(王桂平&陈会昌,2004)。

比如,你可以夸奖孩子:“比起上次,你这次在这个知识点上没有再犯错了,真有进步!”或者告诉Ta,“这个学期你变得勤奋了很多,在学习上投入的时间明显更多了,效率似乎也提高了许多,变得更加专注了,很棒!”


盲目夸张式夸奖 VS. 感知一致性夸奖

随着时代发展,当今父母对西方文化和西方育儿方式越来越熟悉。在夸奖孩子的时候,可能也会使用一些西式的表扬方式——倾向于用夸张的形容词、语气和表情,表达对孩子的赞扬。

比如,当孩子完成了一幅画后,父母可能会说:“天呐!你画的这幅画简直太漂亮了!”这句话里的“天呐”、“简直”、“太漂亮了”都是比较夸张的词汇。父母们误以为这样的表述体现了自己对孩子的极大肯定,但却没有意识到盲目夸大的赞美对孩子,尤其是低自尊心孩子的消极影响。

Brummelman及其团队(2016)发现,当父母用盲目夸张的语言赞美孩子的普通作品时,这等同于树立了一个高标准:你“应该”表现得非常出色。而这样的信息,会让自卑的孩子们因为担心自己无法达到标准,而避免迎接任何挑战。这样一来,家长们出于好心的表扬,反而成为了低自尊孩子成长的阻碍,造成了他们错失学习机会的后果。

盲目夸张的赞美不可取,并不意味着过低的评价是个好选择。事实上,Lee等人(2016)发现,孩子感知到的表扬的准确性在表扬发挥作用的过程中扮演了重要角色。当孩子感到赞美的盲目夸张时,他们在学业上的表现更差;当他们感到赞美过于不足时,则会出现更多的抑郁情绪。

要想孩子能从父母的夸奖中受益,得到更多的积极情绪、更好的学业表现,父母应该尽力保证自己的赞美与孩子感知到的情况一致,或稍微高于实际表现。比如,当孩子将自认为一般的画作呈现在你面前时,你不能说:“我们宝贝在画画上太有天赋了”,而应该说,“不错不错,今天你的作品在整体上真和谐,妈妈很喜欢”。


能力品质型夸奖 VS. 努力过程型夸奖

如果孩子取得了好成绩,你一般会怎么夸奖Ta呢?你会说“我家宝贝真是聪明”,还是“我家宝贝这次太努力了”?

心理学家将前者称为以个体为核心的反馈(person-feedback),即关注孩子个人能力、特质方面的夸奖;后者称为以过程为核心的反馈(process-feedback),即关注孩子行为、结果方面的夸奖,而这两种夸奖会对孩子的自我价值感产生不同的影响(Kamins & Dweck, 1999)。

研究发现,接受person-feedback的孩子,会形成一种“偶然的自我价值感”,他们将好的结果归因于自己有多聪明或者有多少价值,这让他们不愿意接受有挑战性的任务(更低的内在动机)、在任务上坚持时间更短(更少的坚持)以及面对挫折时感到沮丧、甚至羞愧(更多的无助反应)。相反的,接受process-feedback的孩子,则表现得更好,在遭到挫折时的情绪反应也不会那么极端(Cimpian et al., 2007; Gunderson et al., 2013)。

因此,如果你平时有夸奖孩子天赋的习惯,今后可不要继续在雷区“蹦迪”了。记得多多夸奖孩子们是通过什么样的过程取得成功的,比如他们的努力、坚持、不畏困难。你可以对孩子说:“宝贝,你在这个过程中的迎难而上和坚持不懈,爸爸妈妈都看在眼里。我们很为你的这种精神骄傲”。


口头言语式夸奖 VS. 目光交汇式夸奖

忙碌了一天之后,面对孩子的“求夸夸”行为,疲惫的你是否选择随便地回应孩子一句:“还不错”,甚至没有将眼神从老板的回复和同事的朋友圈中挪到孩子身上。这样宽泛而敷衍的口头表扬不仅无法对孩子起到促进发展的作用,反而可能让孩子觉得自己不被肯定、不被“看见”

广义地讲,赞美是社会互动的一种形式,不仅包含口头上的语言,还包含非言语的行为。因此,在赞美孩子时,我们不仅要规避前文提到的语言“雷区”,还需要注意表扬孩子时自己的姿势、动作等非言语行为。

来自日本的一项最新研究(Onishi et al., 2020)表明,成功的表扬应该具备以下非言语特征:首先,表扬方和被表扬方应该彼此注视对方;其次,双方不能在赞美的过程中摇头晃脑,而应该尽量保持头部的稳定。

因此,以后在孩子“求夸夸”的时候,各位父母一定记得从工作或者娱乐中抬起头来,和孩子的目光交汇,并且保持头的位置,然后赞美孩子一句:“你今天表现得真好,专注时间比昨天长了两小时!”

对于大部分家长来说,夸奖可能是一个工具,可以让孩子们完成更好的发展;但对于孩子们来说,夸奖或许意味着“被爱的感觉”,那是一种更为持久的力量。因此,夸奖不是目的,爱才是目的。至少在夸奖的那一刻,我们要让孩子们感受到,我们在无条件地关注他们。

「转发」这篇文章到朋友圈,愿每个孩子都能在“夸夸”中健康成长~


互动小情境

放学后,你的孩子告诉你,Ta的作文今天被老师当作唯一一篇范文,在全班同学面前朗读了,这时候,你会说——


参考文献

王桂平,陈会昌.(2004).表扬在儿童心理发展中的作用. 学前教育研究,38-40.

Brophy, J. (1981). Teacher praise: A functional analysis. Review of Educational Research, 51(1), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543051001005

Brummelman, E., Crocker, J., & Bushman, B. J. (2016). The praise paradox: When and why praise backfires in children with low self‐esteem. Child Development Perspectives, 10(2), 111-115.

Brummelman, E., Nelemans, S. A., Thomaes, S., & Orobio de Castro, B. (2017). When parents’ praise inflates, children's self‐esteem deflates. Child development, 88(6), 1799-1809.

Brummelman, E., Thomaes, S., Orobio de Castro, B., Overbeek, G., & Bushman, B. J. (2014). “That’s not just beautiful—That’s incredibly beautiful!” Psychological Science, 25(3), 728–735.

Corpus, J. H., Ogle, C. M., & Love-Geiger, K. E. (2006). The effects of social-comparison versus mastery praise on children’s intrinsic motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 30(4), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9039-4

Henderlong, J., & Lepper, M. R. (2002). The effects of praise on children’s intrinsic motivation: A review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 774–795. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.128.5.774

Lee, H. I., Kim, Y.-H., Kesebir, P., & Han, D. E. (2016). Understanding when parental praise leads to optimal child outcomes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(6), 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616683020

Onishi, T., Yamauchi, A., Ishii, R., Aono, Y., & Miyata, A. (2020, October). Analyzing Nonverbal Behaviors along with Praising. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (pp. 609-613).

Webster-Stratton, C., & Hammond, M. (1997). Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: A comparison of child and parent training interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.65.1.93

Weeland, J., Brummelman, E., Jaffee, S. R., Chhangur, R. R., van der Giessen, D., Matthys, W., Orobio de Castro, B., & Overbeek, G. (2022). Does caregivers’ use of praise reduce children’s externalizing behavior? A longitudinal observational test in the context of a parenting program. Developmental Psychology, 58(7), 1371–1385. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001357

Cimpian, A., Arce, H.-M. C., Markman, E. M., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Subtle Linguistic Cues Affect Children's Motivation. Psychological science, 18(4), 314-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01896.x

Gunderson, E. A., Gripshover, S. J., Romero, C., Dweck, C. S., Goldin-Meadow, S., & Levine, S. C. (2013). Parent Praise to 1- to 3-Year-Olds Predicts Children's Motivational Frameworks 5 Years Later. Child development, 84(5), 1526-1541. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12064

Kamins, M. L., & Dweck, C. S. (1999). Person Versus Process Praise and Criticism: Implications for Contingent Self-Worth and Coping. Developmental Psychology, 35(3), 835-847. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.3.835

撰 稿:李坷蔓
责 编:高文洁
美 编:杨婉婷

作者介绍 熊青

如果有一天,你发现自己的孩子突然不想上学,甚至表现出退缩与恐惧,你就需要考虑一种情况——孩子是否在学校遭遇了欺凌。

如果你发现孩子并没有与同学明显的冲突情况,但却不愿意与人交际,就要排除隐性欺凌这种可能。

隐性欺凌(Covert Bullying)是一种危害性不是很突出,通常是隐蔽的、非身体上的攻击性行为,如散布谣言、离间关系等,却会伤害到孩子的同伴关系、归属感、友谊和自尊等重要的情感关系和体验。

被欺凌者将会面临社会和心理上的伤害,包括更低的人际参与度、更高的孤独感、更低的安全感和更高水平的抑郁等等,其痛苦并不比身体上的伤害低,但其流行率却可能高于外显的欺凌行为。(Cross, Shaw, Hearn, Epstein, Monks, Lester, & Thomas, 2009;Moffat, Redmond & Raghavendra,2019)。

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图片来源:
(https://disabilityinsider.com/2019/09/11/health/covert-bullying-higher-among-young-girls-with-disabilities/

隐性欺凌是欺凌中的一类,符合Olweus对于欺凌定义的基本要件:持强凌弱、有意的、反复伤害,这意味着欺凌者会给受欺凌者营造一种无望的、难以逃离的氛围。

经典的习得性无助实验告诉我们,当处无法摆脱伤害的情况下,有机体会对伤害不做出任何抵抗,选择承受,而那一些选择极端结果的孩子,则是此种无望下的最后倔强。

隐性欺凌在具有上述难以逃离的特点的同时,其隐蔽性加剧了欺凌对于受害者的危害性。因为隐蔽不容易被发现,而更能持续较长时间;因为独立看单次行为伤害低,被家长、教师认为是小事情而忽视。

隐性欺凌的不作为模型(Cycle of inaction to address covert bullying)揭示了被隐性欺凌的青少年所感到绝望和无助的原因:

当教师和家长或因为或缺乏知识和经验来识别隐性欺凌,或认为隐蔽欺凌的危害看起来比较轻微、性质不算恶劣,而不采取即时处理,就会导致这种隐蔽欺凌得以维持。

然后,受欺凌的学生由于教师或家长的轻视、不作为而不愿意诉说,进而产生无力感;也导致参与欺凌的学生认为隐蔽欺凌是被容忍或宽恕的。

最终,导致被隐蔽欺凌的学生很少寻求帮助,获得支持和心理重建的机会就更少了;也滋生出一种隐蔽欺凌的亚文化,巩固了欺凌实施的条件,让被欺凌者陷在一个不能自拔的循环中(Cross et al., 2009)。

IMG_0951.PNG
图:隐性欺凌不作为模型

相对其他群体,青少年更容易体会这个绝望,因为孩子们的世界并不是很大,当欺凌发生时,这就是他们的全部世界,这点被很多成年人忽视

例如,目前隐蔽欺凌正在经历着“幕后到屏幕后面”转变,言语攻击和欺凌很容易转化为短信、电子邮件、即时通讯和聊天室等任何信息交流的方式。

对于受隐性欺凌者,尤其是处于“假想舞台”阶段(认为自己的行为和心理活动像似在舞台的聚光灯下被观众所知晓)的青少年,这种负面的、乃至威胁性的信息将迅速充满孩子的认知和思考。

曾有一位小学生在自己喜欢的游戏中遭到诽谤、侮辱,而家长认为这些都不是现实的,不理他们就可以,但孩子却在脑海里时时感受这事件,感觉别人的眼神也是异样的,恐惧、抑郁等消极情绪依然占据孩子的内心,非常痛苦


01
你的孩子容易遭受隐性欺凌吗

容易受到隐性欺凌孩子常会具有以下特点:

1.具有容易引起负面联想的既有属性,如生理生存在缺陷或身体瘦弱、个头不高,特殊的家庭背景等等会成为欺凌者很容易利用的攻击点,也便于其传播形成伤害。

2.在性格上,内向、敏感、害羞,不善于维护自身权益,容易成为隐性欺凌的受害者。

3.在人际关系上,缺乏朋友,缺少支持,更容易成为取笑和孤立的对象。

4.不是讨老师喜欢的类型,在老师那里也较少得到表扬的孩子容易在与欺凌者的力量平衡中处于不利方面,而受到攻击。当然也有非常优秀的同学,因为被嫉妒而遭受隐性欺凌,但其社会支持相比更为丰富,消极影响会相对有限。

5.与父母沟通不畅。孩子们更有可能与他们的父母谈论被欺凌的问题,研究显示有超越半数的受隐性欺凌的学生曾向父母提及过被欺凌的事情(Cross et al., 2009),但此时很多父母并不总是知道如何去进一步收集信息、提供支持(姚建龙,2020)。

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02
面对隐性欺凌,教师和家长该如何应对

结合研究发现,家长与老师可以从以下7种方式中入手去应对可能的隐性欺凌

1.认识隐性欺凌的危害,重视承受隐性欺凌中孩子的感受——一种反复体验的贬低、孤立、威胁所引发的绝望、无助的感觉。

2.家长要与孩子保持良好的关系,将家庭建设成为孩子安全港和避难所,不要让父母自己成为孩子的压力源,让孩子一旦遇到隐性欺凌,在家里至少还可以有那么几小时可以自我缓解和修复(Krieger,2019)。

3.父母和教师要与孩子定期沟通,注意多渠道收集孩子的信息,如孩子的网络空间内容,其他学生反映的情况等等。

4.关注孩子的心理和行为变化,如突然不合群、郁郁寡欢、反复上课注意力不集中、成绩明显下降、拒绝来学校、放学回家时间变化、躲避家长的行为反应(如家长来后迅速关闭聊天记录或页面)、在家里因为一点小事情生气或莫名其妙发脾气等,如无找到具体诱发事件,就要进一步观察、询问是否受到了隐性欺凌。

5.即时介入、制止隐性欺凌行为。通过老师和家长的介入,改变隐蔽欺凌中的权力不平衡的情况(Nelson, Burns, Kendall, & Schonert-Reichl, 2017),让孩子保持在隐性欺凌范围之外。

6.增强孩子人际交往和应对欺凌的方法和技巧,增强孩子的自信心。因为隐性欺凌者多会使用心理上的操纵、诡计等(Krieger 2019),具有更好的应对能力,将有利于实现被欺凌者的自我保护。

7.限制在学校使用个人科技产品等也被认为可以减少隐性欺凌发生的可能性(Cross, 2009)。

隐性欺凌会给孩子心灵上带来深远的伤害,要花数倍乃至余生的时间岁月去疗愈。提防隐形欺凌,需要每一位家长与老师的关注与努力


参考文献

姚建龙等(2020). 防治校园欺凌:学理与实证. 北京:中国政法大学出版社.

Barnes, A., Cross, D., Lester, L., Hearn, L., Epstein, M., & Monks, H. (2012). The Invisibility of Covert Bullying Among Students: Challenges for School Intervention. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 22(2), 206-226. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2012.27

Chang, V. (2021). Inconsistent Definitions of Bullying: A Need to Examine People’s Judgments and Reasoning about Bullying and Cyberbullying. Human Development, 65, 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1159/000516838

Cross, D., Shaw, T., Hearn, L., Epstein, M., Monks, H., Lester, L., & Thomas, L. (2009). Australian Covert Bullying Prevalence Study. Perth, Australia: Child Health Promotion Research Centre, Edith Cowan University. This Report is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/6795

Krieger A. (2019). On Covert Bullying. my kid is gay. https://www.mykidisgay.com/blog/on-covert-bullying

Moffat, A. K., Redmond, G., & Raghavendra, P. (2019). The Impact of Social Network Characteristics and Gender on Covert Bullying in Australian Students with Disability in the Middle Years, Journal of School Violence, 18:4, 613-629, https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2019.1644180

Nelson, H. J., Burns, S. K., Kendall, G. E., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2017). The Factors That Influence and Protect Against Power Imbalance in Covert Bullying Among Preadolescent Children at School. The Journal of School Nursing, 34(4), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840517748417

策 划:刘祥宇
撰 稿:熊 青
编 辑:崔 琪
美 编:何文宣

Do you have a strained relationship with your mother and don't know why?

你们是否关系紧张但你却不知道为何?

Is your mother competitive with you, treating you more like a rival than a daughter?

你的母亲是否与你竞争,与其说将你当作女儿,不如说更像是将你当作对手?

Is she uninterested in your life, rarely inquiring about your career, your activities, and your kids?

她对你的生活是否并不感兴趣,很少询问你的工作,活动和孩子?

Is she possessive of your dad, making it almost impossible for you and him to spend time alone together?

她对你的父亲是否占有欲很强,让你几乎无法和父亲两人独处?

Do you get a strong sense that she wants you to do well in life... but not too well?

你是否强烈感觉到她想让你过得好,但又不想让你过得太好?

If this dynamic sounds all too familiar, your mom may be jealous of you. As a child, because you didn't understand why the relationship was tense, you were left in the dark: bewildered, unsupported, and emotionally abandoned. Today, though, you can finally acknowledge your mom's envy and accept her limitations. You can stop blaming yourself for the tension between the two of you and find peace.

如果上面这些互动模式对你而言很熟悉,那么你的母亲可能就是在嫉妒你。在你还是小孩子时,因为你并不理解你们之间关系为何如此紧张,因此你迷茫无措:困惑、无人支持、在情感上被抛弃。但今天,你终于可以承认你母亲的嫉妒感,接受她的不足之处。终于你可以不再将你们之间的紧张关系归咎于你自己,终于可以找到安宁。


5 Reasons Why a Mom Gets Jealous of Her Daughter
母亲嫉妒女儿的5个原因

01

She's a Narcissist
她是一位自恋者

While there are normal, natural reasons why moms sometimes get jealous of their daughters, narcissism is not one of them. Dr. Karyl McBride writes about self-centered women and the damage they inflict in Will I Ever Be Good Enough?: Healing the Daughters of Narcissistic Mothers.

Dr. McBride says that daughters of jealous, narcissistic mothers may battle crippling self-doubt in adulthood. When they were kids, their moms treated them like accessories and not full-fledged individuals. As a result, their feelings, worries, and struggles went unnoticed and unattended. They grew up in an environment where they were to reflect well on their mom but never outshine her. In the process, they suppressed their own needs and desires in favor of hers.

关于母亲嫉妒女儿,的确存在一些正常、自然的原因,但自恋却并非其中一种。Karyl McBride 博士在其著作《我究竟何时才能足够优秀:自恋母亲的女儿们的疗愈》中,提到了自我中心的女性和她们所造成的伤害。McBride 博士说,对于充斥着嫉妒心和自恋的母亲们而言,她们的女儿可能会在成年之后严重受到负面自我质疑的困扰。当她们在儿童时期,她们的母亲对待她们就像是对待附属品,而非完整独立个体。因此,她们的感受、担忧和挣扎并不会被注意到,也不会被应对。在她们成长环境中,她们必须给自己的母亲挣面子,但又绝对不许超过母亲的光芒。在这一过程中,她们只能为满足母亲的需求和愿望而压抑自身需求与愿望。

This is why it’s vital that they focus on themselves today by embracing their inner world: their thoughts, emotions, and dreams. Writing in a journal daily is a valuable way to accomplish this. It gives these women an opportunity to get in touch with themselves and, finally, figure out who they are and what they want from life.

这也是为什么当今至关重要的,是她们将注意力集中于自身,方法是接纳自己的内心世界:自己的想法、情绪和梦想等。每天记日记是实现这一点的有效方式。这会给她们与自己内心重建联系的机会,从而最终明白自己是谁,自己在人生中究竟想要追求什么。

Normal or healthier mothers are proud of their children and want them to shine. But a narcissistic mother may perceive her daughter as a threat. If attention is drawn away from the mother, the child suffers retaliation, put-downs, and punishments. The mother can be jealous of her daughter for many reasons: her looks, her youth, material possessions, accomplishments, education and even the young girl’s relationship with the father.

正常或较健康的母亲会为自己的孩子感到自豪,想要他们闪耀。但一位自恋型母亲可能会将孩子视为威胁。如果对母亲的关注被转移走,她的孩子就会遭受报复、贬低和惩罚。这类母亲可能会出于多种不同原因嫉妒自己的孩子:外貌、青春、物质财富、成就、教育,甚至是女儿和其父亲之间的关系。

—Karyl McBride, author of "Will I Ever Be Good Enough?"

02

She's in Menopause
她正处于更年期

While jealousy from a narcissistic mother is extreme and destructive, envy from a menopausal mom is quite normal. It’s difficult for some middle-aged women to undergo the change of life just as their daughters bloom into adulthood. It’s understandable that they may covet a daughter’s youth, vigor, and infinite prospects during this time.

来自自恋型母亲的嫉妒往往是极端且具有摧毁性的,但来自更年期母亲的嫉妒则非常正常。一些中年女性在自己女儿如花绽放般进入成年期的时期,自身却开始经历更年期这一人生变化,这对她们来说是很难的。而且也可以理解她们可能会在这段时期觊觎女儿的年轻、活力和未来的无限可能。

During menopause, a mom may feel less womanly, less desirable, and less relevant in our youth-obsessed society. She may endure physical changes such as weight gain, dry skin, thinning hair, and coarsening facial hair. She may witness her daughter attracting men's attention when she no longer does. As a result, she can feel more anxious and less confident.

在更年期,一位母亲可能会感到自己不再那么有女人味,不再那么有魅力,有些与当今对青春执迷追求的社会脱节。她可能也正在遭受一些身体上的变化,比如体重增加,皮肤干燥、头发脱落和面部汗毛明显等。她可能会看到自己的女儿会吸引男性目光而自己却再也不能。因此,她可能会感到更焦虑,更不自信。

The daughter of a jealous menopausal mom should be patient and compassionate. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, hormonal changes during this stage can make a woman irritable and depressed. A daughter, therefore, may need to turn to an aunt, a grandmother, or friends for support during this time when her mother is struggling and emotionally unavailable to her.

如果母亲因处于更年期而感到嫉妒,那么女儿应该有耐心和同情心。按照美国妇产科医师协会观点,这一阶段的荷尔蒙变化会让女性变得易怒和抑郁。因此,对一位女儿来说,如果她的母亲在这段时期挣扎于这些症状中,而且情感上缺位,那么她应该变为一位阿姨、祖母或朋友的角色,为母亲提供支持和帮助。

03

She's Possessive of Her Husband (Your Dad)
她对自己丈夫(你父亲)占有欲过强

One of the most destructive things that jealous moms do comes between their daughters and their dads. According to psychologist Dr. Nikki Martinez, this is caused by a mom’s low self-esteem. Her insecurity leads her to become territorial about her husband. She doesn’t want to share him with anyone, even his own flesh and blood.

嫉妒型母亲最具摧毁性的影响之一,是会破坏女儿与父亲之间关系。按照心理学家 Nikki Martinez所说,这源于这位母亲自身的低自尊感。她的不安全感导致她对自己丈夫产生“捍卫领地”的意识。她不想和任何人分享他,即使是她自己的亲生骨肉。

When her mom is envious and her father is weak, a daughter can potentially lose both her parents. To avoid conflict, a feeble husband may surrender to his wife’s insecurities. He might do anything to keep the peace, even forsaking his own child. Consciously or unconsciously, he neglects his fatherly duties and pushes his daughter to the side. Tragically, she’s left without a healthy, loving connection to either parent and grows up feeling like an interloper in her own family.

当母亲充满嫉妒,而父亲又很软弱时,女儿就有可能失去他们二者。为避免冲突,一位软弱的丈夫可能会屈从于妻子的不安全感。他可能会想方设法维系平静,甚至包括抛弃自己的孩子。有意识或无意识地,他会疏忽自己的父亲职责,将女儿推向一边。孩子就很悲惨地无法与任何一方父母建立充满爱意的连接,而且在长大过程中感觉自己像是自己家庭的侵入者。

Not appreciating that her mom’s jealousy is the reason for the distant relationship with her dad, the daughter blames herself. She becomes convinced that she’s unlovable. As an adult, she may still feel sad and confused about her childhood and her relationship with her parents. Working with a good therapist can help her understand her mother’s envy and the role it played in keeping her and her father apart.

如果不理解母亲的嫉妒心才是自己和父亲关系疏远的原因,那么这位女儿可能就会自责。她会坚信自己不值得被爱。成年之后,她可能会对自己的同年和与父母的关系依旧感到悲伤和困惑。向一位称职的心理咨询师寻求帮助,可以帮助她理解自己母亲的嫉妒心,以及这种嫉妒对她和父亲之间疏远的父女关系所产生的影响。

04

She Regrets Her Unfulfilled Dreams
她为自己未实现的梦想感到遗憾

Another common source of a mom’s envy is her daughter’s seemingly unlimited prospects. At a time when her own possibilities may be narrowing, she sees her child’s world open up. She may wish that she had enjoyed the freedoms that young women have today: exploring their sexuality, postponing motherhood, entering once male-dominated professions, buying their own homes, and being financially independent. As such, she may be resentful of her daughter and regretful of her own life choices.

导致一位母亲嫉妒的另一种常见原因是,她的女儿似乎有着无限美好前景。恰恰在这段自己的人生机会不断变窄的时期,却看到自己女儿的世界不断开阔。她可能会希望自己也曾享有当今时代女性们所拥有的种种自由:在性活动方面的探索,推迟生育,进入曾由男性主导的职业,自己买属于自己的房子,经济独立等。因此,她可能就会对女儿产生怨恨感或对自己人生选择产生遗憾感。

Dr. Charles Sophy, a family and child psychiatrist, says that some moms even perceive their daughters as thieves who steal their sexuality. He has dubbed this phenomenon Perceived Transfer of Sexuality (PTS). A mother feels threatened as her daughter’s sexuality peaks and hers declines. To her, it seems like she’s now in fierce competition with her own offspring. Her daughter, meanwhile, is left flummoxed by the escalating conflicts with her mom, wondering what they’re about and hoping to de-escalate them.

家庭和儿童精神医师 Charles Sophy 博士说,一些母亲甚至把自己女儿视为偷走自己性魅力的小偷。他将这种现象称为“主观认为的性魅力转移”(PTS)。当女儿的性魅力处于巅峰时期而自己却逐渐走下坡路,一位母亲可能就会感到受到威胁。对她而言,似乎自己在与自己的后代开展了激烈竞争。而她的女儿却对这种与母亲之间不断升级的冲突看到困惑不解,想要知道这些冲突究竟是为什么,并希望缓解这些冲突。

05

She's Emotionally Absent
情感缺位

Occasionally, daughters experience maternal jealousy because their moms are numb and detached. According to Jasmin Lee Cori, author of The Emotionally Absent Mother, many of these mothers were severely under-mothered when they were children. As a result, they grew up to be desensitized adults who can’t connect with their kids emotionally. When their daughters are in the spotlight, these moms don’t feel pride and joy like most parents do. Instead, they feel sad and resentful because they didn’t have the same opportunities to shine when they were kids.

偶尔有时候,女儿被母亲嫉妒,是因为母亲本性冷漠且疏远。据《情感缺席的母亲》作者 Jasmin Lee Cori所说,这类母亲中,很多在童年时期并没有得到足够母爱,因此,她们成年之后成为冷漠的、无法与孩子建立情感连接的成年人。当她们的女儿在聚光灯下时,这些母亲并不像大多数母亲一样感到自豪和开心,而是由于自己童年时并没有同样的闪耀机会而感到悲伤和怨恨。

When a daughter figures out that her mom is emotionally absent, it’s both a revelation and a relief. She now knows the cause of her mother’s envy and no longer blames herself. If she starts practicing acceptance, realizing her mom won’t change, she can look elsewhere to build emotionally satisfying relationships and a strong support system. To learn more, read How an Emotionally Absent Mother Impacts Her Daughter's Life.

当女儿明白是自己的母亲情感缺位,这不仅是一种启示,也是一种解脱。她现在不仅知道了母亲嫉妒心的来源,也不会再责怪自己。如果她开始认可接受现实,认识到自己母亲不会改变,她就会将目光移向别处,为自己构建从情感上令自己满意的感情关系和牢固的支持系统。

想要了解更多,阅读《一位情感缺席的母亲如何影响女儿的人生》
https://wehavekids.com/parenting/Emotionally-Absent-Mothers-Leaving-a-Legacy-of-Shame-and-Isolation-for-Her-Daughter


Debunking the Maternal Archetype
打破“母亲”人格原型之执念

The "maternal archetype" is a woman who's always sacrificing, supporting, loving, and doing for her children. In reality, though, our moms are human, with all the faults, frailties, and confused feelings that come with that mortal state.

所谓的“母亲”人格原型,是指一个总是为孩子牺牲自我、支持孩子、爱孩子和为孩子付出的女性。但在现实中,我们的母亲是人,也有着作为人来说所具有的缺陷、脆弱和纷乱复杂的感受等。


Questions & Answers
问与答

Question:

Why do these mothers hate their daughters and not their sons?
这些母亲为什么恨自己的女儿而非儿子?

Answer:

It's not a matter of mothers hating their daughters but having a jealousy and rivalry with them. Moms don't feel the same competitiveness with their sons because they don't identify with them as strongly. It's perfectly normal that mothers feel twinges of envy from time to time as it's a basic human emotion. This is especially true when their daughters enjoy experiences in life they didn't: career opportunities, financial successes, travel to exotic places, etc. Fathers, by the way, didn’t respond that way to either high-achieving sons or daughters.

这些并非母亲恨自己的女儿,而是嫉妒女儿,敌视女儿。这些母亲之所以对她们的儿子们没有这种竞争感,是因为她们并没有和儿子之间有同样强烈的身份认同感。母亲有时感到嫉妒,这非常正常,因为这是一种基本的人类情绪。尤其是当女儿可以享有她们未曾享有的人生体验,比如职业机会,经济成功和异国旅行时,这种情绪更是正常。顺带提一下,父亲们对获得很高成就的女儿或儿子则并不会如此反应。

Emotionally unhealthy moms, however, feel more than twinges of jealousy. My mother, for instance, felt intense rivalry with my sister and me because she was incredibly insecure. She needed us to make decisions similar to hers in order to validate her life. Not surprisingly, we went to extremes to copy our mother's path so we'd win her love and approval. Sadly, we both became teachers like her even though neither one of us was suited to that profession. My sister got married at the same age as our mom (22), had the same number of children (3), and sent them to the same Catholic schools where our mom sent us. Even though my sister went above and beyond to get my mom's stamp of approval, she never did as my mother alternated between being envious of her and highly critical of her.

但情绪不健康的母亲却不只是感到阵阵嫉妒。比如说我的母亲,对我姐姐和我极其仇视,因为她极其具有不安全感。她需要我们做与她决策类似的决策,从而肯定她的人生。不出意料,我们都以极端的方式复制了母亲的人生道路,目的就是为了获得她的爱和认可。但不幸的是,我们都像她一样成为了老师,虽然我们两人都不适合这一职业。姐姐也像母亲一样在22岁结了婚,也有了同样数量的小孩(3个),而且也像当年母亲对我们一样,也把她的孩子送到了天主教学校。即使我的姐姐为了获得母亲认可而做出超常努力,但却从未成功,我们的母亲一直都是在嫉妒她和严厉批判她两种态度之间不断切换。

When moms get jealous of their daughters, it's best for their daughters to distance themselves. I moved away from my mom (both physically and emotionally) after having my own kids. She had been jealous of the attention I showed them and I felt caught in the middle. When I thought about it, though, I knew it was time for me to grow up, choose my husband and sons, and start a healthy life away from mom. It was the best decision I ever made and contributed greatly to a strong marriage and happy family life.

当母亲嫉妒女儿时,女儿最好的应对方式就是让自己和母亲之间保持距离。在有了自己孩子后,我搬离了母亲的家(即从实际意义也从情绪意义而言)。她曾嫉妒我对我的孩子的关注而且我感觉自己像三夹板。但当我思考这一问题时,我知道我该长大,该选择自己的丈夫和儿子,离开母亲,开始构建自己健康的人生了。这是我做过的最明智的决策,而且为一段牢固的婚姻和幸福家庭生活奠定了坚实基础。

Question:

What do you think about a mother who is envious of one daughter but not the other?
母亲只嫉妒一个女儿却不嫉妒另一个,你是怎么看的呢?

Answer:

A mother who's jealous of one daughter but not the other isn't unusual. In fact, I spoke with a woman recently who had just that situation. She had married an anesthesiologist and had traveled the world with him. They built a home together on several acres, and she was able to afford designer clothes and well-crafted furniture. Her sister, on the other hand, was married to a blue-collar man like her dad and lived modestly.

这并不罕见。实际上,我曾和一位刚刚经历过这一情形的女士谈起过这一点。她曾跟一位麻醉师结婚,并且与他周游世界。他们共同建造的家占地好几英亩,她能负担起设计师品牌时装和制作精良的家具。但她姐姐却嫁给了一个像自己父亲一样的蓝领,生活也较为朴素。

Their mother was extremely envious of the wealthy daughter and always referred to her as “the doctor's wife” in a haughty tone. She preferred spending time with her less affluent daughter because they had more in common. She rarely spent time with her other daughter, the doctor, and their two kids because she felt inferior to them. Even though the family did everything in their power to make her feel at ease, they couldn't stop her from running the same negative tapes in her head that said: “I'm less than. I'm lacking. I'm not as smart. I don't fit in here.”

她们的母亲极其嫉妒这个较为富裕的女儿,总是以傲慢的语气称呼她为“医生太太”。母亲更愿意和较不富裕的女儿呆在一起,因为她们有更多相似点。她则很少与另外一个女儿、医生丈夫和他们的孩子待在一起,因为她感到低他们一等。尽管她们一家竭尽所能地让母亲感到舒适自在,但他们却无法停止她大脑中不断播放的声音:我低人一等,我有所欠缺,不够聪明,我和这里格格不入。

When the couple divorced after 22 years of marriage, the mom wanted to renew the relationship with her daughter, but it was too late. The daughter had wanted her mom to be there during the good times and the bad...not just the bad. She accepted that some people had been jealous of her when she was married to a successful doctor. However, she could never accept her own mother's envy and, thus, no longer wanted anything to do with her.

当这对夫妇在结束了22年婚姻离婚后,这位母亲想要和这位女儿重建关系,但已为时已晚。这位女儿曾想让自己的母亲既与自己共苦也同甘,而并非只是共苦。她接受这一现实:当她嫁给了一位成功的医生后,一些人是嫉妒她的。但是她却怎么都无法接受自己母亲也嫉妒自己,并因此不想搭理自己。

Some people, like this mother, have flimsy egos that prevent them from having relationships with anyone who they believe is better off than they are. Being around a person who's smarter, more attractive, more accomplished, or more affluent is too hurtful to their fragile self-concept. This ugly part of human nature is why jealousy is aptly called the green-eyed monster.

一些人,像这位母亲一样,自尊感非常脆弱,因此无法与任何在他们眼中比他们优越之人建立关系。和一个比自己更聪明,更有魅力,更有成就或更富裕的人在一起对他们脆弱的自我认知而言伤害太大。人性的这一丑陋一面也是为什么嫉妒被贴切称为绿眼怪兽。

People who are consumed with such envy aren't happy because they focus on what others have and what they lack. Being grateful is not a part of their daily spiritual practice like it should be. That's why “comparison is the thief of joy” is a powerful mantra that some individuals recite in their minds whenever feelings of jealousy creep into their consciousness.

被这种嫉妒心啮噬的人并不快乐,因为他们只聚焦于别人拥有的和自己欠缺的。在他们日常心灵修行中,并没有本应该有的“感恩”内容,这也是为什么“攀比,是偷走快乐的盗贼”是一句很有力的座右铭,一些人会在感到嫉妒时在大脑中默念这句话。

Part of maturing is seeing our parents as human beings with frailties and limitations just like everyone else. Hopefully, you can stand back now, realize your mother struggles with jealousy and insecurity, and not take it personally. It has everything to do with her and nothing to do with you. Accepting her “as is” will bring you peace and relieve you of stress.

变得成熟,其中一个方面就是认识到父母也是像其他任何人一样有着弱点和限制的普通人。你现在可以抽身事外,认识到你的母亲挣扎于嫉妒心和不安全感中,不再将这视为你的问题。一切都只与她相关,与你毫无关系。接受“她就是这样”这一事实,会带给你平静,消除你的压力。

Question:

I've been the victim or enabler for all 56 years of my life. I've always wanted to have the love of my mother, but it was never there. I cannot remember a constant stream of normal behavior from her for any length of time. I did go for over a year with no contact. But she did sneak contact with my children through their biological father with her tactics. What should I do?

在我过去人生的56年里,我一直是受害者,也或者是纵容者。我一直想要得到母亲的爱,但却从未得到过。我不记得她有能维系任何时长的任何持续稳定正常行为。我的确有一年多时间没和她联系,但她却想方设法耍手段通过我孩子的亲生父亲与我的孩子偷偷取得了联系。我该怎么办?

Answer:

The author and speaker, Bryon Katie, said: “If you argue against reality, you will suffer.” I'm afraid you've been doing that for 56 years over your mother, and it's now time to liberate yourself from that struggle and finally have peace. Accepting the truth that you'll never have a sweet and loving mommy is long overdue. Accepting that your children have their own journey to travel with their grandmother is another fact to embrace. Accepting that you have no control over their relationship with her is yet another.

作家与演说家 Bryon Katie说过,“如果你与现实争辩,你会备受折磨。”恐怕你在过去56年在你母亲这件事上,这正是你一直在做的。而现在你应该将自己从这种挣扎中解放出来,获得久违的安宁。你本该很早就接受这样一个事实:你永远不会拥有一个爱你的、温柔的母亲。同时你也应该接受:孩子有着和自己祖母共行的一段人生旅程。另外你也应该接受:你无法控制他们的祖孙关系。

After a year of going no contact with your mom, you have a good idea of whether or not it's the way to go. If it brought you serenity, I'd go back to it. If not, have limited contact. Trust yourself that at 56 you do know how to best handle this situation. It's not how you want things to be but have confidence that you've got this!

你和你的母亲曾切断联系一年,现在你应该很了解这是不是有效。如果它带给你了平静,那么我会继续选择这样做。相信自己在56岁的年纪,你已经很清楚知道如何才能最好地处理这一情形。当前情形并非你想要的,但相信自己能够解决。

If you have been a loving and supportive mother to your kids, your relationship with them is strong and stable and nobody can damage it. If they choose to have a relationship with their grandmother, they'll eventually discover who she is when her failings are revealed. They need to learn these lessons for themselves, and you can't protect them from her.

如果你对你的孩子一直都是充满爱并给与支持的母亲类型,那么你和他们的关系就会非常牢固和稳定,没有人能够破坏它。如果他们选择和自己的祖母建立联系,当她的缺陷暴露时,最终他们也会发现她的本来面目。他们需要自己学习这些教训,你无法保护他们不让他们接触祖母。

Our kids, in fact, often have more insight into our mothers than we do. They can have the objectivity that we lack. My teenage son recently said to me about his grandmother: “She sure is passive-aggressive.” I thought to myself: Wow! He's figured that out already and it's taken me a lifetime!

实际上,我们的孩子通常比我们更了解我们的母亲。他们具有我们所缺乏的客观性。我的十几岁的儿子最近向我谈起他的外婆:“她肯定是消极型攻击类型的人”。我心想:“哇!他现在就已经看出来了,而我却花了一生时间才明白。”

Today is an opportunity for you to ask yourself: How do I want to live the rest of my life? How do I want to spend my time and with whom? While I certainly don't know how you'd answer these questions, I know that you don't want to be wasting your time thinking about your mom. Hasn't she taken up enough of your headspace for all these years?

今天,你有机会问自己:我如何想要度过余生?想要把时间花在什么上面?想要和谁共度时间?尽管我并不知道你会怎样回答这些问题,但我知道你不想把时间浪费在纠结于你的母亲上面。这么多年来,难道她还没有占据你足够的大脑空间吗?

When she starts to creep into your psyche, gain control of your thoughts and shoo her away. Then make a point of doing something that you enjoy—something that puts you into a positive frame of mind. It could be dancing around the house to your favorite music, painting a picture, calling a friend, or going for a run.

当她开始潜入你的大脑,你控制思绪,把她赶走。然后主动去做一些你喜欢做的事情,一些能让你进入一种积极思维框架的事情。或者是在家中伴随着你最爱的音乐跳舞,或者是画画,或者是给朋友打电话,或者是去跑步。

The spiritual leader, Eckhart Tolle, said: “Negativity is a denial of life.” As we grow older, we don't have time for destructive thoughts that bring us down and keep us immobile.

修行领域领袖 Echhart Tolle曾说过:“负面事物,是对生命的拒绝。”随着我们年龄渐长,我们已经不再有时间去想那些让我们消沉、停滞的具有破坏性的念头了。

Question:

My alcoholic mother refuses to admit that I had a poor childhood due to her alcoholism and tumultuous relationship with my stepdad whom she never married. I’ve finally cut her off, but now my sisters, who have never married and are as unsuccessful in life as she is, are trying to guilt me because, “she’s your mother.” Should I let her back in? This is not the first time I have cut her out of my life. I’m 42.

我的酗酒的母亲不肯承认她的酗酒以及她和她男朋友之间充满争吵的关系导致了我可怜的童年。最终我切断了与她之间的联系,但现在我那从未结婚,而且像我们母亲一样人生失败的妹妹(姐姐)却在试图让我内疚,因为“她是你妈妈”。我是否需要重新接纳她呢?这并不是我第一次切断与她的联系了。我42了。

Answer:

Since you've cut your mom off in the past only to reunite with her, you'll probably have the same failed experience unless you change yourself and how you react to her. Albert Einstein said, “No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it.” Unless your approach is different, you'll just wind up re-wounding yourself and that would be utterly pointless.

既然你过去曾切断过与母亲的联系但却又重建联系,那么很可能这次也会是相同的失败经历,除非你改变自己,改变自己对她的反应方式。爱因斯坦曾说过:没有问题能够从创造这一问题的相同意识水平上被解决。除非你采取不同方式,否则你最后还只是会再次让自己受伤,而且,这种伤害完全是毫无意义的。

Certainly, bringing her back into your life only because your sisters are making you feel guilty isn't proper motivation. You have to be certain that this time you've evolved and can confidently handle the challenges of the relationship and not be undone by them. You may just not be ready for that, depending on what else is going on in your life right now.

只是因为你的妹妹/姐姐对你内疚操纵,就让你的母亲重新回到你的生活,这肯定不是正确合适的动机。你需要确定这次你已经更成熟,能够充满信心地处理这一关系中的挑战,而且不会被这些挑战击溃。根据你生活中的其他方面,可能你也还没做好这一准备。

If you want to give it a try, you should practice what psychologists call “radical acceptance.” As much as you want your mother to validate your painful childhood and the part she played in it, you need to let go of that. Assume that it's never going to happen. She may be in denial about it or be too racked with guilt to ever admit what she did.

但如果你想尝试一下,你应该采用心理学家所说的“全然接纳”。尽管你很想让自己母亲承认你痛苦的童年以及她在其中曾扮演的角色,你需要抛却这一念头。假设这永远都不会发生。她可能在潜意识地“否认”,或者是因过于内疚而从不会承认她当年的行为。

You know what happened and that should be all that matters. You have your truth and she has hers and they will never be the same. If you can't come to terms with that reality, you shouldn't reunite with your mom. You'll only end up feeling frustrated, hurt, and resentful. You also need to appreciate that having a decent relationship with an alcoholic is futile so your expectations must be kept extremely low.

Whether you reunite with your mother or not, radical acceptance can bring you some much-needed peace. Once you accept that you never had nor never will have a warm and loving mom you'll find tremendous relief and stop struggling to make it different.

你知道当年发生了什么,这一点就够了。你有你的真相,她有她的,二者永远不会相同。如果你无法接受这一现实,那么你就不应该和母亲重归于好。否则你最后只是会感到受挫、受伤和怨恨。你还需要理解一点,试图和一个酗酒者保持得体的关系,这一点会是徒劳无功的,因此你必须将自己的期望放到极低。无论你是否与母亲重建联系,“全然接纳”能够给你带来一些你非常需要的安宁。一旦你接受了你从未有过,也永远不会有一个温暖爱你的母亲,你会得到巨大的解脱,会不再痛苦挣扎着试图去改变它。

Question:

I have a mother who acts almost childish. She's a God-fearing woman, but I notice she's been getting jealous because I spend time with my son and husband on weekends or I barely come out of my room (I currently reside with her). I just don't know what to do with her behavior. She's always undermining me when it comes down to certain things I do. She's in therapy, takes meds, and has hobbies. How can I better understand my mother's behavior?

我的母亲行为几乎接近幼稚。她信奉上帝,但我注意到,当我在周末和孩子老公待在一起,或者我几乎不出自己房间(我目前和她同住)时,她会变得嫉妒。在我做的某些事情上,她总是会贬低我。她目前在看心理医生,在服药,也有个人爱好。我该如何更好理解我母亲的行为?

Answer:

The problems with your mother most likely aren't related to the subject of this article: mothers who get jealous of their daughters. As an adult child who lives with your mom, you've put yourself in a situation ripe for conflict. It's one where old patterns from your childhood come into play, and your mother once again sees you as a dependent youngster and not a mature, autonomous grownup.

As long as you're under her roof, expect your mom to undermine your decisions and see you as incompetent. Instead of focusing on why she behaves the way she does, you would be much wiser to look in the mirror and ask yourself: Why did I put myself, my husband, and my son in this situation? While you may have practical reasons (you lost a job, you need to save up money for a down payment, etc.), you must appreciate that you had other options but chose this one.

你母亲的问题很可能与本文“嫉妒女儿的母亲”这一主题无关。作为与母亲同住的成年人,你将自己放在了冲突的温床中。在这种环境情形下,你童年时期的模式重现,你的母亲再次将你视为一个依赖于她的青少年而非一个成熟、有自主性的成年人。

只要你还待在她的屋檐下,你就要预料到你的母亲会贬低你的决策,将你视为不够有能力。与其聚焦于她为什么会有那种行为方式,不如问一下镜子里的自己:为什么我会将自己、我的孩子和丈夫置于这种情形中?尽管你可能有实际的原因(你失业了,你需要攒钱付首付等),你必须理解的一点是:你当时也有其他选项,但你自己选择了这一个选项。

You may be wanting to re-visit your childhood in the hopes of fixing the past. You may be unconsciously hoping that this time your mother will be the loving and nurturing parent you longed for as a kid. There may also be something in your life that you're trying to avoid and your mother's house is serving as your hiding spot.

你可能抱着想要修复童年的期望想要重现童年时期,你可能潜意识里希望这一次你的母亲会变成你孩提时期所渴望的那种爱你呵护你的母亲。也可能是你人生中有些你试图躲避的东西,而且你母亲的家给你提供了藏身之处。

Dr. Robin Smith says, “Adulthood is to finish the unfinished business of childhood.” You can't go back to fix the past, but you can use what you've learned from it as a guide to move forward. Since your mother is in therapy and on medication, she's in good hands and is getting the professional help that she needs. Leave her up to the therapist and concentrate on yourself, your marriage, and your son. If your struggles with her persist, call the therapist and ask her if you can join in on one of the sessions with your mother to discuss some issues.

Robin Smith博士说过:成年期,就是去完成孩提时期的未尽事宜。你无法回到往昔去修复过去,但你可以用你从中所学到的东西指导你的前行之路。鉴于你的母亲在看心理医生而且在服药,她得到了很好的照料,而且也正在得到自己所需的专业帮助。让她的心理咨询师来负责她,你聚焦于你自身、你的婚姻和你的儿子。如果她依旧让你痛苦,打电话给她的心理咨询师,询问你是否可以加入你母亲的一期心理咨询,共同讨论一些问题。