分类 家庭环境 下的文章

Do you have a strained relationship with your mother and don't know why?

你们是否关系紧张但你却不知道为何?

Is your mother competitive with you, treating you more like a rival than a daughter?

你的母亲是否与你竞争,与其说将你当作女儿,不如说更像是将你当作对手?

Is she uninterested in your life, rarely inquiring about your career, your activities, and your kids?

她对你的生活是否并不感兴趣,很少询问你的工作,活动和孩子?

Is she possessive of your dad, making it almost impossible for you and him to spend time alone together?

她对你的父亲是否占有欲很强,让你几乎无法和父亲两人独处?

Do you get a strong sense that she wants you to do well in life... but not too well?

你是否强烈感觉到她想让你过得好,但又不想让你过得太好?

If this dynamic sounds all too familiar, your mom may be jealous of you. As a child, because you didn't understand why the relationship was tense, you were left in the dark: bewildered, unsupported, and emotionally abandoned. Today, though, you can finally acknowledge your mom's envy and accept her limitations. You can stop blaming yourself for the tension between the two of you and find peace.

如果上面这些互动模式对你而言很熟悉,那么你的母亲可能就是在嫉妒你。在你还是小孩子时,因为你并不理解你们之间关系为何如此紧张,因此你迷茫无措:困惑、无人支持、在情感上被抛弃。但今天,你终于可以承认你母亲的嫉妒感,接受她的不足之处。终于你可以不再将你们之间的紧张关系归咎于你自己,终于可以找到安宁。


5 Reasons Why a Mom Gets Jealous of Her Daughter
母亲嫉妒女儿的5个原因

01

She's a Narcissist
她是一位自恋者

While there are normal, natural reasons why moms sometimes get jealous of their daughters, narcissism is not one of them. Dr. Karyl McBride writes about self-centered women and the damage they inflict in Will I Ever Be Good Enough?: Healing the Daughters of Narcissistic Mothers.

Dr. McBride says that daughters of jealous, narcissistic mothers may battle crippling self-doubt in adulthood. When they were kids, their moms treated them like accessories and not full-fledged individuals. As a result, their feelings, worries, and struggles went unnoticed and unattended. They grew up in an environment where they were to reflect well on their mom but never outshine her. In the process, they suppressed their own needs and desires in favor of hers.

关于母亲嫉妒女儿,的确存在一些正常、自然的原因,但自恋却并非其中一种。Karyl McBride 博士在其著作《我究竟何时才能足够优秀:自恋母亲的女儿们的疗愈》中,提到了自我中心的女性和她们所造成的伤害。McBride 博士说,对于充斥着嫉妒心和自恋的母亲们而言,她们的女儿可能会在成年之后严重受到负面自我质疑的困扰。当她们在儿童时期,她们的母亲对待她们就像是对待附属品,而非完整独立个体。因此,她们的感受、担忧和挣扎并不会被注意到,也不会被应对。在她们成长环境中,她们必须给自己的母亲挣面子,但又绝对不许超过母亲的光芒。在这一过程中,她们只能为满足母亲的需求和愿望而压抑自身需求与愿望。

This is why it’s vital that they focus on themselves today by embracing their inner world: their thoughts, emotions, and dreams. Writing in a journal daily is a valuable way to accomplish this. It gives these women an opportunity to get in touch with themselves and, finally, figure out who they are and what they want from life.

这也是为什么当今至关重要的,是她们将注意力集中于自身,方法是接纳自己的内心世界:自己的想法、情绪和梦想等。每天记日记是实现这一点的有效方式。这会给她们与自己内心重建联系的机会,从而最终明白自己是谁,自己在人生中究竟想要追求什么。

Normal or healthier mothers are proud of their children and want them to shine. But a narcissistic mother may perceive her daughter as a threat. If attention is drawn away from the mother, the child suffers retaliation, put-downs, and punishments. The mother can be jealous of her daughter for many reasons: her looks, her youth, material possessions, accomplishments, education and even the young girl’s relationship with the father.

正常或较健康的母亲会为自己的孩子感到自豪,想要他们闪耀。但一位自恋型母亲可能会将孩子视为威胁。如果对母亲的关注被转移走,她的孩子就会遭受报复、贬低和惩罚。这类母亲可能会出于多种不同原因嫉妒自己的孩子:外貌、青春、物质财富、成就、教育,甚至是女儿和其父亲之间的关系。

—Karyl McBride, author of "Will I Ever Be Good Enough?"

02

She's in Menopause
她正处于更年期

While jealousy from a narcissistic mother is extreme and destructive, envy from a menopausal mom is quite normal. It’s difficult for some middle-aged women to undergo the change of life just as their daughters bloom into adulthood. It’s understandable that they may covet a daughter’s youth, vigor, and infinite prospects during this time.

来自自恋型母亲的嫉妒往往是极端且具有摧毁性的,但来自更年期母亲的嫉妒则非常正常。一些中年女性在自己女儿如花绽放般进入成年期的时期,自身却开始经历更年期这一人生变化,这对她们来说是很难的。而且也可以理解她们可能会在这段时期觊觎女儿的年轻、活力和未来的无限可能。

During menopause, a mom may feel less womanly, less desirable, and less relevant in our youth-obsessed society. She may endure physical changes such as weight gain, dry skin, thinning hair, and coarsening facial hair. She may witness her daughter attracting men's attention when she no longer does. As a result, she can feel more anxious and less confident.

在更年期,一位母亲可能会感到自己不再那么有女人味,不再那么有魅力,有些与当今对青春执迷追求的社会脱节。她可能也正在遭受一些身体上的变化,比如体重增加,皮肤干燥、头发脱落和面部汗毛明显等。她可能会看到自己的女儿会吸引男性目光而自己却再也不能。因此,她可能会感到更焦虑,更不自信。

The daughter of a jealous menopausal mom should be patient and compassionate. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, hormonal changes during this stage can make a woman irritable and depressed. A daughter, therefore, may need to turn to an aunt, a grandmother, or friends for support during this time when her mother is struggling and emotionally unavailable to her.

如果母亲因处于更年期而感到嫉妒,那么女儿应该有耐心和同情心。按照美国妇产科医师协会观点,这一阶段的荷尔蒙变化会让女性变得易怒和抑郁。因此,对一位女儿来说,如果她的母亲在这段时期挣扎于这些症状中,而且情感上缺位,那么她应该变为一位阿姨、祖母或朋友的角色,为母亲提供支持和帮助。

03

She's Possessive of Her Husband (Your Dad)
她对自己丈夫(你父亲)占有欲过强

One of the most destructive things that jealous moms do comes between their daughters and their dads. According to psychologist Dr. Nikki Martinez, this is caused by a mom’s low self-esteem. Her insecurity leads her to become territorial about her husband. She doesn’t want to share him with anyone, even his own flesh and blood.

嫉妒型母亲最具摧毁性的影响之一,是会破坏女儿与父亲之间关系。按照心理学家 Nikki Martinez所说,这源于这位母亲自身的低自尊感。她的不安全感导致她对自己丈夫产生“捍卫领地”的意识。她不想和任何人分享他,即使是她自己的亲生骨肉。

When her mom is envious and her father is weak, a daughter can potentially lose both her parents. To avoid conflict, a feeble husband may surrender to his wife’s insecurities. He might do anything to keep the peace, even forsaking his own child. Consciously or unconsciously, he neglects his fatherly duties and pushes his daughter to the side. Tragically, she’s left without a healthy, loving connection to either parent and grows up feeling like an interloper in her own family.

当母亲充满嫉妒,而父亲又很软弱时,女儿就有可能失去他们二者。为避免冲突,一位软弱的丈夫可能会屈从于妻子的不安全感。他可能会想方设法维系平静,甚至包括抛弃自己的孩子。有意识或无意识地,他会疏忽自己的父亲职责,将女儿推向一边。孩子就很悲惨地无法与任何一方父母建立充满爱意的连接,而且在长大过程中感觉自己像是自己家庭的侵入者。

Not appreciating that her mom’s jealousy is the reason for the distant relationship with her dad, the daughter blames herself. She becomes convinced that she’s unlovable. As an adult, she may still feel sad and confused about her childhood and her relationship with her parents. Working with a good therapist can help her understand her mother’s envy and the role it played in keeping her and her father apart.

如果不理解母亲的嫉妒心才是自己和父亲关系疏远的原因,那么这位女儿可能就会自责。她会坚信自己不值得被爱。成年之后,她可能会对自己的同年和与父母的关系依旧感到悲伤和困惑。向一位称职的心理咨询师寻求帮助,可以帮助她理解自己母亲的嫉妒心,以及这种嫉妒对她和父亲之间疏远的父女关系所产生的影响。

04

She Regrets Her Unfulfilled Dreams
她为自己未实现的梦想感到遗憾

Another common source of a mom’s envy is her daughter’s seemingly unlimited prospects. At a time when her own possibilities may be narrowing, she sees her child’s world open up. She may wish that she had enjoyed the freedoms that young women have today: exploring their sexuality, postponing motherhood, entering once male-dominated professions, buying their own homes, and being financially independent. As such, she may be resentful of her daughter and regretful of her own life choices.

导致一位母亲嫉妒的另一种常见原因是,她的女儿似乎有着无限美好前景。恰恰在这段自己的人生机会不断变窄的时期,却看到自己女儿的世界不断开阔。她可能会希望自己也曾享有当今时代女性们所拥有的种种自由:在性活动方面的探索,推迟生育,进入曾由男性主导的职业,自己买属于自己的房子,经济独立等。因此,她可能就会对女儿产生怨恨感或对自己人生选择产生遗憾感。

Dr. Charles Sophy, a family and child psychiatrist, says that some moms even perceive their daughters as thieves who steal their sexuality. He has dubbed this phenomenon Perceived Transfer of Sexuality (PTS). A mother feels threatened as her daughter’s sexuality peaks and hers declines. To her, it seems like she’s now in fierce competition with her own offspring. Her daughter, meanwhile, is left flummoxed by the escalating conflicts with her mom, wondering what they’re about and hoping to de-escalate them.

家庭和儿童精神医师 Charles Sophy 博士说,一些母亲甚至把自己女儿视为偷走自己性魅力的小偷。他将这种现象称为“主观认为的性魅力转移”(PTS)。当女儿的性魅力处于巅峰时期而自己却逐渐走下坡路,一位母亲可能就会感到受到威胁。对她而言,似乎自己在与自己的后代开展了激烈竞争。而她的女儿却对这种与母亲之间不断升级的冲突看到困惑不解,想要知道这些冲突究竟是为什么,并希望缓解这些冲突。

05

She's Emotionally Absent
情感缺位

Occasionally, daughters experience maternal jealousy because their moms are numb and detached. According to Jasmin Lee Cori, author of The Emotionally Absent Mother, many of these mothers were severely under-mothered when they were children. As a result, they grew up to be desensitized adults who can’t connect with their kids emotionally. When their daughters are in the spotlight, these moms don’t feel pride and joy like most parents do. Instead, they feel sad and resentful because they didn’t have the same opportunities to shine when they were kids.

偶尔有时候,女儿被母亲嫉妒,是因为母亲本性冷漠且疏远。据《情感缺席的母亲》作者 Jasmin Lee Cori所说,这类母亲中,很多在童年时期并没有得到足够母爱,因此,她们成年之后成为冷漠的、无法与孩子建立情感连接的成年人。当她们的女儿在聚光灯下时,这些母亲并不像大多数母亲一样感到自豪和开心,而是由于自己童年时并没有同样的闪耀机会而感到悲伤和怨恨。

When a daughter figures out that her mom is emotionally absent, it’s both a revelation and a relief. She now knows the cause of her mother’s envy and no longer blames herself. If she starts practicing acceptance, realizing her mom won’t change, she can look elsewhere to build emotionally satisfying relationships and a strong support system. To learn more, read How an Emotionally Absent Mother Impacts Her Daughter's Life.

当女儿明白是自己的母亲情感缺位,这不仅是一种启示,也是一种解脱。她现在不仅知道了母亲嫉妒心的来源,也不会再责怪自己。如果她开始认可接受现实,认识到自己母亲不会改变,她就会将目光移向别处,为自己构建从情感上令自己满意的感情关系和牢固的支持系统。

想要了解更多,阅读《一位情感缺席的母亲如何影响女儿的人生》
https://wehavekids.com/parenting/Emotionally-Absent-Mothers-Leaving-a-Legacy-of-Shame-and-Isolation-for-Her-Daughter


Debunking the Maternal Archetype
打破“母亲”人格原型之执念

The "maternal archetype" is a woman who's always sacrificing, supporting, loving, and doing for her children. In reality, though, our moms are human, with all the faults, frailties, and confused feelings that come with that mortal state.

所谓的“母亲”人格原型,是指一个总是为孩子牺牲自我、支持孩子、爱孩子和为孩子付出的女性。但在现实中,我们的母亲是人,也有着作为人来说所具有的缺陷、脆弱和纷乱复杂的感受等。


Questions & Answers
问与答

Question:

Why do these mothers hate their daughters and not their sons?
这些母亲为什么恨自己的女儿而非儿子?

Answer:

It's not a matter of mothers hating their daughters but having a jealousy and rivalry with them. Moms don't feel the same competitiveness with their sons because they don't identify with them as strongly. It's perfectly normal that mothers feel twinges of envy from time to time as it's a basic human emotion. This is especially true when their daughters enjoy experiences in life they didn't: career opportunities, financial successes, travel to exotic places, etc. Fathers, by the way, didn’t respond that way to either high-achieving sons or daughters.

这些并非母亲恨自己的女儿,而是嫉妒女儿,敌视女儿。这些母亲之所以对她们的儿子们没有这种竞争感,是因为她们并没有和儿子之间有同样强烈的身份认同感。母亲有时感到嫉妒,这非常正常,因为这是一种基本的人类情绪。尤其是当女儿可以享有她们未曾享有的人生体验,比如职业机会,经济成功和异国旅行时,这种情绪更是正常。顺带提一下,父亲们对获得很高成就的女儿或儿子则并不会如此反应。

Emotionally unhealthy moms, however, feel more than twinges of jealousy. My mother, for instance, felt intense rivalry with my sister and me because she was incredibly insecure. She needed us to make decisions similar to hers in order to validate her life. Not surprisingly, we went to extremes to copy our mother's path so we'd win her love and approval. Sadly, we both became teachers like her even though neither one of us was suited to that profession. My sister got married at the same age as our mom (22), had the same number of children (3), and sent them to the same Catholic schools where our mom sent us. Even though my sister went above and beyond to get my mom's stamp of approval, she never did as my mother alternated between being envious of her and highly critical of her.

但情绪不健康的母亲却不只是感到阵阵嫉妒。比如说我的母亲,对我姐姐和我极其仇视,因为她极其具有不安全感。她需要我们做与她决策类似的决策,从而肯定她的人生。不出意料,我们都以极端的方式复制了母亲的人生道路,目的就是为了获得她的爱和认可。但不幸的是,我们都像她一样成为了老师,虽然我们两人都不适合这一职业。姐姐也像母亲一样在22岁结了婚,也有了同样数量的小孩(3个),而且也像当年母亲对我们一样,也把她的孩子送到了天主教学校。即使我的姐姐为了获得母亲认可而做出超常努力,但却从未成功,我们的母亲一直都是在嫉妒她和严厉批判她两种态度之间不断切换。

When moms get jealous of their daughters, it's best for their daughters to distance themselves. I moved away from my mom (both physically and emotionally) after having my own kids. She had been jealous of the attention I showed them and I felt caught in the middle. When I thought about it, though, I knew it was time for me to grow up, choose my husband and sons, and start a healthy life away from mom. It was the best decision I ever made and contributed greatly to a strong marriage and happy family life.

当母亲嫉妒女儿时,女儿最好的应对方式就是让自己和母亲之间保持距离。在有了自己孩子后,我搬离了母亲的家(即从实际意义也从情绪意义而言)。她曾嫉妒我对我的孩子的关注而且我感觉自己像三夹板。但当我思考这一问题时,我知道我该长大,该选择自己的丈夫和儿子,离开母亲,开始构建自己健康的人生了。这是我做过的最明智的决策,而且为一段牢固的婚姻和幸福家庭生活奠定了坚实基础。

Question:

What do you think about a mother who is envious of one daughter but not the other?
母亲只嫉妒一个女儿却不嫉妒另一个,你是怎么看的呢?

Answer:

A mother who's jealous of one daughter but not the other isn't unusual. In fact, I spoke with a woman recently who had just that situation. She had married an anesthesiologist and had traveled the world with him. They built a home together on several acres, and she was able to afford designer clothes and well-crafted furniture. Her sister, on the other hand, was married to a blue-collar man like her dad and lived modestly.

这并不罕见。实际上,我曾和一位刚刚经历过这一情形的女士谈起过这一点。她曾跟一位麻醉师结婚,并且与他周游世界。他们共同建造的家占地好几英亩,她能负担起设计师品牌时装和制作精良的家具。但她姐姐却嫁给了一个像自己父亲一样的蓝领,生活也较为朴素。

Their mother was extremely envious of the wealthy daughter and always referred to her as “the doctor's wife” in a haughty tone. She preferred spending time with her less affluent daughter because they had more in common. She rarely spent time with her other daughter, the doctor, and their two kids because she felt inferior to them. Even though the family did everything in their power to make her feel at ease, they couldn't stop her from running the same negative tapes in her head that said: “I'm less than. I'm lacking. I'm not as smart. I don't fit in here.”

她们的母亲极其嫉妒这个较为富裕的女儿,总是以傲慢的语气称呼她为“医生太太”。母亲更愿意和较不富裕的女儿呆在一起,因为她们有更多相似点。她则很少与另外一个女儿、医生丈夫和他们的孩子待在一起,因为她感到低他们一等。尽管她们一家竭尽所能地让母亲感到舒适自在,但他们却无法停止她大脑中不断播放的声音:我低人一等,我有所欠缺,不够聪明,我和这里格格不入。

When the couple divorced after 22 years of marriage, the mom wanted to renew the relationship with her daughter, but it was too late. The daughter had wanted her mom to be there during the good times and the bad...not just the bad. She accepted that some people had been jealous of her when she was married to a successful doctor. However, she could never accept her own mother's envy and, thus, no longer wanted anything to do with her.

当这对夫妇在结束了22年婚姻离婚后,这位母亲想要和这位女儿重建关系,但已为时已晚。这位女儿曾想让自己的母亲既与自己共苦也同甘,而并非只是共苦。她接受这一现实:当她嫁给了一位成功的医生后,一些人是嫉妒她的。但是她却怎么都无法接受自己母亲也嫉妒自己,并因此不想搭理自己。

Some people, like this mother, have flimsy egos that prevent them from having relationships with anyone who they believe is better off than they are. Being around a person who's smarter, more attractive, more accomplished, or more affluent is too hurtful to their fragile self-concept. This ugly part of human nature is why jealousy is aptly called the green-eyed monster.

一些人,像这位母亲一样,自尊感非常脆弱,因此无法与任何在他们眼中比他们优越之人建立关系。和一个比自己更聪明,更有魅力,更有成就或更富裕的人在一起对他们脆弱的自我认知而言伤害太大。人性的这一丑陋一面也是为什么嫉妒被贴切称为绿眼怪兽。

People who are consumed with such envy aren't happy because they focus on what others have and what they lack. Being grateful is not a part of their daily spiritual practice like it should be. That's why “comparison is the thief of joy” is a powerful mantra that some individuals recite in their minds whenever feelings of jealousy creep into their consciousness.

被这种嫉妒心啮噬的人并不快乐,因为他们只聚焦于别人拥有的和自己欠缺的。在他们日常心灵修行中,并没有本应该有的“感恩”内容,这也是为什么“攀比,是偷走快乐的盗贼”是一句很有力的座右铭,一些人会在感到嫉妒时在大脑中默念这句话。

Part of maturing is seeing our parents as human beings with frailties and limitations just like everyone else. Hopefully, you can stand back now, realize your mother struggles with jealousy and insecurity, and not take it personally. It has everything to do with her and nothing to do with you. Accepting her “as is” will bring you peace and relieve you of stress.

变得成熟,其中一个方面就是认识到父母也是像其他任何人一样有着弱点和限制的普通人。你现在可以抽身事外,认识到你的母亲挣扎于嫉妒心和不安全感中,不再将这视为你的问题。一切都只与她相关,与你毫无关系。接受“她就是这样”这一事实,会带给你平静,消除你的压力。

Question:

I've been the victim or enabler for all 56 years of my life. I've always wanted to have the love of my mother, but it was never there. I cannot remember a constant stream of normal behavior from her for any length of time. I did go for over a year with no contact. But she did sneak contact with my children through their biological father with her tactics. What should I do?

在我过去人生的56年里,我一直是受害者,也或者是纵容者。我一直想要得到母亲的爱,但却从未得到过。我不记得她有能维系任何时长的任何持续稳定正常行为。我的确有一年多时间没和她联系,但她却想方设法耍手段通过我孩子的亲生父亲与我的孩子偷偷取得了联系。我该怎么办?

Answer:

The author and speaker, Bryon Katie, said: “If you argue against reality, you will suffer.” I'm afraid you've been doing that for 56 years over your mother, and it's now time to liberate yourself from that struggle and finally have peace. Accepting the truth that you'll never have a sweet and loving mommy is long overdue. Accepting that your children have their own journey to travel with their grandmother is another fact to embrace. Accepting that you have no control over their relationship with her is yet another.

作家与演说家 Bryon Katie说过,“如果你与现实争辩,你会备受折磨。”恐怕你在过去56年在你母亲这件事上,这正是你一直在做的。而现在你应该将自己从这种挣扎中解放出来,获得久违的安宁。你本该很早就接受这样一个事实:你永远不会拥有一个爱你的、温柔的母亲。同时你也应该接受:孩子有着和自己祖母共行的一段人生旅程。另外你也应该接受:你无法控制他们的祖孙关系。

After a year of going no contact with your mom, you have a good idea of whether or not it's the way to go. If it brought you serenity, I'd go back to it. If not, have limited contact. Trust yourself that at 56 you do know how to best handle this situation. It's not how you want things to be but have confidence that you've got this!

你和你的母亲曾切断联系一年,现在你应该很了解这是不是有效。如果它带给你了平静,那么我会继续选择这样做。相信自己在56岁的年纪,你已经很清楚知道如何才能最好地处理这一情形。当前情形并非你想要的,但相信自己能够解决。

If you have been a loving and supportive mother to your kids, your relationship with them is strong and stable and nobody can damage it. If they choose to have a relationship with their grandmother, they'll eventually discover who she is when her failings are revealed. They need to learn these lessons for themselves, and you can't protect them from her.

如果你对你的孩子一直都是充满爱并给与支持的母亲类型,那么你和他们的关系就会非常牢固和稳定,没有人能够破坏它。如果他们选择和自己的祖母建立联系,当她的缺陷暴露时,最终他们也会发现她的本来面目。他们需要自己学习这些教训,你无法保护他们不让他们接触祖母。

Our kids, in fact, often have more insight into our mothers than we do. They can have the objectivity that we lack. My teenage son recently said to me about his grandmother: “She sure is passive-aggressive.” I thought to myself: Wow! He's figured that out already and it's taken me a lifetime!

实际上,我们的孩子通常比我们更了解我们的母亲。他们具有我们所缺乏的客观性。我的十几岁的儿子最近向我谈起他的外婆:“她肯定是消极型攻击类型的人”。我心想:“哇!他现在就已经看出来了,而我却花了一生时间才明白。”

Today is an opportunity for you to ask yourself: How do I want to live the rest of my life? How do I want to spend my time and with whom? While I certainly don't know how you'd answer these questions, I know that you don't want to be wasting your time thinking about your mom. Hasn't she taken up enough of your headspace for all these years?

今天,你有机会问自己:我如何想要度过余生?想要把时间花在什么上面?想要和谁共度时间?尽管我并不知道你会怎样回答这些问题,但我知道你不想把时间浪费在纠结于你的母亲上面。这么多年来,难道她还没有占据你足够的大脑空间吗?

When she starts to creep into your psyche, gain control of your thoughts and shoo her away. Then make a point of doing something that you enjoy—something that puts you into a positive frame of mind. It could be dancing around the house to your favorite music, painting a picture, calling a friend, or going for a run.

当她开始潜入你的大脑,你控制思绪,把她赶走。然后主动去做一些你喜欢做的事情,一些能让你进入一种积极思维框架的事情。或者是在家中伴随着你最爱的音乐跳舞,或者是画画,或者是给朋友打电话,或者是去跑步。

The spiritual leader, Eckhart Tolle, said: “Negativity is a denial of life.” As we grow older, we don't have time for destructive thoughts that bring us down and keep us immobile.

修行领域领袖 Echhart Tolle曾说过:“负面事物,是对生命的拒绝。”随着我们年龄渐长,我们已经不再有时间去想那些让我们消沉、停滞的具有破坏性的念头了。

Question:

My alcoholic mother refuses to admit that I had a poor childhood due to her alcoholism and tumultuous relationship with my stepdad whom she never married. I’ve finally cut her off, but now my sisters, who have never married and are as unsuccessful in life as she is, are trying to guilt me because, “she’s your mother.” Should I let her back in? This is not the first time I have cut her out of my life. I’m 42.

我的酗酒的母亲不肯承认她的酗酒以及她和她男朋友之间充满争吵的关系导致了我可怜的童年。最终我切断了与她之间的联系,但现在我那从未结婚,而且像我们母亲一样人生失败的妹妹(姐姐)却在试图让我内疚,因为“她是你妈妈”。我是否需要重新接纳她呢?这并不是我第一次切断与她的联系了。我42了。

Answer:

Since you've cut your mom off in the past only to reunite with her, you'll probably have the same failed experience unless you change yourself and how you react to her. Albert Einstein said, “No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it.” Unless your approach is different, you'll just wind up re-wounding yourself and that would be utterly pointless.

既然你过去曾切断过与母亲的联系但却又重建联系,那么很可能这次也会是相同的失败经历,除非你改变自己,改变自己对她的反应方式。爱因斯坦曾说过:没有问题能够从创造这一问题的相同意识水平上被解决。除非你采取不同方式,否则你最后还只是会再次让自己受伤,而且,这种伤害完全是毫无意义的。

Certainly, bringing her back into your life only because your sisters are making you feel guilty isn't proper motivation. You have to be certain that this time you've evolved and can confidently handle the challenges of the relationship and not be undone by them. You may just not be ready for that, depending on what else is going on in your life right now.

只是因为你的妹妹/姐姐对你内疚操纵,就让你的母亲重新回到你的生活,这肯定不是正确合适的动机。你需要确定这次你已经更成熟,能够充满信心地处理这一关系中的挑战,而且不会被这些挑战击溃。根据你生活中的其他方面,可能你也还没做好这一准备。

If you want to give it a try, you should practice what psychologists call “radical acceptance.” As much as you want your mother to validate your painful childhood and the part she played in it, you need to let go of that. Assume that it's never going to happen. She may be in denial about it or be too racked with guilt to ever admit what she did.

但如果你想尝试一下,你应该采用心理学家所说的“全然接纳”。尽管你很想让自己母亲承认你痛苦的童年以及她在其中曾扮演的角色,你需要抛却这一念头。假设这永远都不会发生。她可能在潜意识地“否认”,或者是因过于内疚而从不会承认她当年的行为。

You know what happened and that should be all that matters. You have your truth and she has hers and they will never be the same. If you can't come to terms with that reality, you shouldn't reunite with your mom. You'll only end up feeling frustrated, hurt, and resentful. You also need to appreciate that having a decent relationship with an alcoholic is futile so your expectations must be kept extremely low.

Whether you reunite with your mother or not, radical acceptance can bring you some much-needed peace. Once you accept that you never had nor never will have a warm and loving mom you'll find tremendous relief and stop struggling to make it different.

你知道当年发生了什么,这一点就够了。你有你的真相,她有她的,二者永远不会相同。如果你无法接受这一现实,那么你就不应该和母亲重归于好。否则你最后只是会感到受挫、受伤和怨恨。你还需要理解一点,试图和一个酗酒者保持得体的关系,这一点会是徒劳无功的,因此你必须将自己的期望放到极低。无论你是否与母亲重建联系,“全然接纳”能够给你带来一些你非常需要的安宁。一旦你接受了你从未有过,也永远不会有一个温暖爱你的母亲,你会得到巨大的解脱,会不再痛苦挣扎着试图去改变它。

Question:

I have a mother who acts almost childish. She's a God-fearing woman, but I notice she's been getting jealous because I spend time with my son and husband on weekends or I barely come out of my room (I currently reside with her). I just don't know what to do with her behavior. She's always undermining me when it comes down to certain things I do. She's in therapy, takes meds, and has hobbies. How can I better understand my mother's behavior?

我的母亲行为几乎接近幼稚。她信奉上帝,但我注意到,当我在周末和孩子老公待在一起,或者我几乎不出自己房间(我目前和她同住)时,她会变得嫉妒。在我做的某些事情上,她总是会贬低我。她目前在看心理医生,在服药,也有个人爱好。我该如何更好理解我母亲的行为?

Answer:

The problems with your mother most likely aren't related to the subject of this article: mothers who get jealous of their daughters. As an adult child who lives with your mom, you've put yourself in a situation ripe for conflict. It's one where old patterns from your childhood come into play, and your mother once again sees you as a dependent youngster and not a mature, autonomous grownup.

As long as you're under her roof, expect your mom to undermine your decisions and see you as incompetent. Instead of focusing on why she behaves the way she does, you would be much wiser to look in the mirror and ask yourself: Why did I put myself, my husband, and my son in this situation? While you may have practical reasons (you lost a job, you need to save up money for a down payment, etc.), you must appreciate that you had other options but chose this one.

你母亲的问题很可能与本文“嫉妒女儿的母亲”这一主题无关。作为与母亲同住的成年人,你将自己放在了冲突的温床中。在这种环境情形下,你童年时期的模式重现,你的母亲再次将你视为一个依赖于她的青少年而非一个成熟、有自主性的成年人。

只要你还待在她的屋檐下,你就要预料到你的母亲会贬低你的决策,将你视为不够有能力。与其聚焦于她为什么会有那种行为方式,不如问一下镜子里的自己:为什么我会将自己、我的孩子和丈夫置于这种情形中?尽管你可能有实际的原因(你失业了,你需要攒钱付首付等),你必须理解的一点是:你当时也有其他选项,但你自己选择了这一个选项。

You may be wanting to re-visit your childhood in the hopes of fixing the past. You may be unconsciously hoping that this time your mother will be the loving and nurturing parent you longed for as a kid. There may also be something in your life that you're trying to avoid and your mother's house is serving as your hiding spot.

你可能抱着想要修复童年的期望想要重现童年时期,你可能潜意识里希望这一次你的母亲会变成你孩提时期所渴望的那种爱你呵护你的母亲。也可能是你人生中有些你试图躲避的东西,而且你母亲的家给你提供了藏身之处。

Dr. Robin Smith says, “Adulthood is to finish the unfinished business of childhood.” You can't go back to fix the past, but you can use what you've learned from it as a guide to move forward. Since your mother is in therapy and on medication, she's in good hands and is getting the professional help that she needs. Leave her up to the therapist and concentrate on yourself, your marriage, and your son. If your struggles with her persist, call the therapist and ask her if you can join in on one of the sessions with your mother to discuss some issues.

Robin Smith博士说过:成年期,就是去完成孩提时期的未尽事宜。你无法回到往昔去修复过去,但你可以用你从中所学到的东西指导你的前行之路。鉴于你的母亲在看心理医生而且在服药,她得到了很好的照料,而且也正在得到自己所需的专业帮助。让她的心理咨询师来负责她,你聚焦于你自身、你的婚姻和你的儿子。如果她依旧让你痛苦,打电话给她的心理咨询师,询问你是否可以加入你母亲的一期心理咨询,共同讨论一些问题。

北师大家庭与儿童发展实验室
我们隶属于北京师范大学发展心理研究院,专注于中国婚姻与家庭研究,致力于将实用有趣的学术成果分享给大家。

本期作者
王雪迪 韩思思 王婉睿

前情提要

每年11月25日被定为“国际消除家庭暴力日”。历史上的这一天,米拉贝尔三姐妹因家庭暴力被杀害,永远地失去了生命。为了纪念这一事件,1981年7月,第一届拉丁美洲女权主义大会宣布把11月25日作为反暴力日。


“打自己的老婆/老公是正常的事情,这是家务事,别人管不着。”每当提起夫妻双方因为一些事情大打出手时,人们总是会认为这是家庭内部的矛盾,是一个家丑不可外扬的事情。

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对于那些被打的受害人,人们往往恨铁不成钢忍不住质问TA们:“你为什么不离开TA?”、“你怎么不还手,非要被打死才甘心吗?”。也有人持着怀疑态度:“被打也有你自己的问题吧?要不是你做了什么事情,TA怎么会这么生气,以至于动手打你?”、“可怜之人必有可恨之处,挨打也是你自己找的”。

被家暴者也许还忍不住的幻想:那个恨不得把自己打死的人,也许有一天会醒悟过来,然后回过头来弥补自己的损失。但现实会这样吗?


01
家暴的现状:只是小概率事件

中国妇女社会地位调查数据(2011)显示:在整个婚姻生活中曾遭受过配偶侮辱、谩骂、殴打、限制人身自由、经济控制、强迫性生活等不同形式家庭暴力的女性占24.7%,其中,明确表示遭受过配偶殴打的已婚女性为5.5%。这也就意味着,在婚姻中,每4个女性就有一个遭受过不同形式的家庭暴力

2013年美国家暴热线的统计数据显示:一个受害者平均要经过7次的努力尝试,才能真正离开一个施暴者。摆脱家暴并不容易,其中被牵涉到的因素甚多,以至于被家暴者一次又一次的忍气吞声,也令家暴者更加地肆无忌惮。

夫妻家庭暴力作为当今社会最为突出的家暴形式,是一种与现代文明格格不入的毒瘤。2015年12月27日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议成功的通过了《中华人民共和国反家庭暴力法》。当你身边有人正在遭受着家庭暴力的折磨,不妨鼓励TA使用法律武器保护自己吧!

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02
家暴的成因:哪些人更容易产生家暴行为

一、人口变量学因素

①性别因素

有关夫妻暴力的性别差异一直饱受争议,大部分传统研究认为,男性更可能会成为施暴者(Langhinrichsen, 2010)。有调查显示,18-39岁的女性是遭受伴侣躯体暴力和精神暴力的高危人群(Burazeri, Roshi, & Jewkes, 2005; Robert, Thompson, & Amy, 2006)。

但随着研究的推进,研究者发现年龄较大的男性更有可能成为亲密伴侣躯体虐待的受害者(Yan & Chan, 2012)。具体来看,男性实施性胁迫的的概率和频率显著高于女性,而女性实施躯体暴力和精神暴力的概率和频率显著高于男性(何影, 2010)。因此,男女施暴比例相当,性别差异更多表现在实施暴力的类型上

②年龄、教育水平与经济因素

此外,妻子年龄比丈夫小的女性更易遭受虐待(Naved & Persson, 2005)。教育水平偏低、收入偏低、在经济上依赖丈夫的女性也更容易遭受家庭暴力,教育水平偏低的男性也更容易对伴侣实施暴力。

二、社会心理因素

①情绪调节

有研究表明,积极情绪对内隐攻击性具有抑制作用,而消极情绪对个体的内隐攻击性具有促进作用(陈艳, 2012)。暴力行为是负性情绪失调的表现,如果负面情绪长时间得不到调整,内隐攻击性会通过暴力行为表现出来(刘洁芸, 2021)。

②童年经验

观察学习理论由美国心理学家班杜拉在20世纪60年代提出,是指人们仅仅通过观察他人(榜样)的行为及其结果就能学会某种复杂行为,又称替代学习。观察学习理论认为,攻击性行为是可以通过后天习得的,那些观看暴力影片的孩子模仿影片中成人的攻击性行为的可能性更高。因此,儿童期遭受或目睹家庭暴力将大大增加其成年后成为施暴者的概率

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③自尊水平

自尊(self-esteem)水平低的人更可能会成为施暴者。自尊是个人基于自我评价产生和形成的一种自重、自爱,并要求受到他人、集体和社会尊重的情感体验。许多人实施暴力行为,是为了补偿他们的不安全感和低自尊,他们试图通过压制伴侣来获取尊重和赢得自我价值感。

④依恋风格

成人的依恋类型分为安全型依恋、焦虑型依恋、回避型依恋、恐惧的回避型依恋四类。安全型依恋可以减少暴力行为的发生,而焦虑型依恋和回避型依恋等非安全型依恋则会促进暴力行为的发生(Tussey et al., 2018)。

安全型依恋的个体对亲密感及其对他人的需求感到舒适,即相信自己是被爱着的且自己是值得被爱的,他们遇到矛盾时能够以恰当的、安全的方式表达自己的依恋需求;而非安全型依恋风格的个体常常会站在控制的立场上面对他人(Mikulincer & Shaver, 2016),他们难以直接表达自己的情感需要,而是采用强烈的指责或抱怨、更直接的支配态度、甚至是暴力行为(包括言语暴力、身体暴力、冷暴力等)来向伴侣表达情感诉求。

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⑤社会支持

家庭暴力之所以能愈演愈烈,受虐者的不断隐忍也需要承担责任。不良的社会支持或缺乏社会支持是受虐者隐忍不发、不敢奋起反抗最常见的影响因素(邹韶红, 张亚林, 2007)。许多受虐者与支持系统隔绝,对自身价值的唯一确认即来自禁锢TA的人,比如前面推文中提到的煤气灯效应,其中的煤气灯人惯常以“爱”之名架空受虐者的社会联结,使其陷入孤立无援的境地。

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03
家暴的识别:只是骂了TA几句,算家暴吗

前文列举了一些家庭暴力的成因,但并不是具有这些特质的人都有进行家庭暴力的倾向。单从个人的特质和经历等层面形成的标签化印象并不能作为家暴是否发生的评判标准,真正了解家庭暴力的具体表现形式才能帮助人们做出正确的判断,规避伤害

1、身体暴力:作为比较常见的家庭暴力类型,身体暴力主要是指一方对另一方进行肉体上的摧残。在具体表现形式上包括但不限于以下几类:

推、拖、打、踢或挠对方
用拳头或工具伤害对方的身体
使用刀或其他武器进行威胁

2、精神暴力:精神暴力主要指施暴者对受害者进行精神上的折磨,主要有以下几种表现形式:

损坏对对方来说很重要的事物
侮辱、谩骂、贬低对方,降低对方的自我价值
以伤害其他家庭成员为威胁,强迫对方做不喜欢的事情

3、性暴力:性暴力发生在夫妻或亲密的伴侣之间,是家庭暴力的一种特殊表现形式。受害者在身体上的伤害较为隐蔽,但在精神层面造成的伤害和屈辱则让人无法承受。

强迫对方看色情片
强迫对方做任何不想做的性行为
强迫对方在不愿意的时候发生性关系

4、经济控制:经济控制指一方对另一方的经济收入和支出及其使用和决定进行控制,使对方处于没有自由的经济支配权的生活中。

禁止伴侣找工作、上班赚钱
违背伴侣意愿拿走伴侣收入
掌管经济大权,并严格控制伴侣支出

IMG_0460.PNG


04
面对家庭暴力,我们可以做些什么

一、发生了家暴,我该怎么办?

避免激怒施暴者,避免暴力升级。

相信自己是有价值的,值得被爱的。家庭暴力的发生并不是因为你做错了什么,你始终是值得被爱的。必要时向心理咨询师寻求专业帮助。

在保护好自己的前提下告诉他人自己的遭遇,包括家人、朋友等等。即使不愿马上寻求帮助,也可以多一个人关注自身的安全。

二、好友遭遇了家暴,我该如何帮助TA?

NO:

不要让受害者觉得是自己的问题。“TA为什么打你啊”、“你如果没有错,TA为什么会打你”……这些话语都在暗示受害者,是自己的原因导致暴力的发生,降低受害者的自我价值感。

不要贸然替受害者找施暴者聊聊。这种行为可能会让施暴者感觉到自己的权威被挑战,从而导致暴力升级。

不要强迫受害者离开这段关系。受害者和施暴者之间的关系是复杂的,对于受害者来说,他们有可能被施暴者威胁,也有可能被施暴者暴行后的忏悔所打动。是否离开这段关系是一个复杂的权衡过程,而强迫受害者离开,可能会让受害者觉得自己没有被倾听。

YES:

与TA谈论目前的处境。身陷家暴的人,可能不太容易提及“家暴”这样的标签。因此可以用具体的事来进行善意接近:好久都没看见你了,你怎么样?我留意到你看对方的眼神,看起来你好像有点怕他?我很担心你。

与TA保持一定程度的定期联系。一方面,可以通过定期联络确定TA的生命安全;另一方面也可以通过这种形式告诉TA,如果TA需要,你会一直站在TA的身后支持着TA,哪怕对方没有发生改变,我们也不会因此而抛弃TA。

永远支持和鼓励TA寻求专业心理帮助。


参考文献

陈艳. (2012). 情绪调节策略对内隐攻击性的影响(硕士学位论文). 浙江师范大学.

刘洁芸.(2021).老年夫妻依恋与夫妻暴力的关系:情绪调节策略的作用(硕士学位论文). 天津师范大学.

李玲.(2018).我国家庭暴力法律问题研究(硕士学位论文), 云南财经大学.

邹韶红, 张亚林. (2007). 夫妻暴力及其心理社会高危因素. 中国临床心理学杂志, 15(3), 300–303.

Naved, & Persson, L. Å. (2005). Factors Associated with Spousal Physical Violence Against Women in Bangladesh. Studies in Family Planning, 36(4), 289–300.

Burazeri G,Roshi E,Jewkes R(2005). Factors associated with spousal physical violence in Albania: Cross sectional study, BMJ, 331(75), 197–201.

Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

Robert S., Thompson M.D, Amy E(2006). Intimate partner violence prevalence, types, and chronicity in adult women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(6), 446–457.

Tussey, Tyler, K. A., & Simons, L. G. (2021). Poor Parenting, Attachment Style, and Dating Violence Perpetration Among College Students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5-6), 2097–2116.

策划 | 蔺秀云
撰稿 | 王雪迪 韩思思 王婉睿
编辑 | 李欣霏
排版 | 李欣霏
图源网络 | 侵删

文献选读
Coco有话说

共情是一种对别人的情绪感同身受的能力。在日常生活中,共情常常发生,例如,当要好的同伴晋升时我们会为TA感到开心;当好友遭受痛苦时我们会为TA感到难过。但是,共情并不总是对所有人自动发生的,而是有条件且容易受到其他因素影响的。一般来说,相比于亲近的人,我们更不容易对陌生人的开心或痛苦感同身受。本期推文将借助两篇文献分析共情发生的机制。


共情是自动而毫不费力的吗?一项2019年发表于Journal of Experimental Psychology: General的研究,发现共情其实存在认知成本

研究者使用自编的实验室共情认知测量工具(共情选择任务)测量了共情的认知需求。共情选择任务总体包含两步:第一步,要求被试在红蓝两个卡牌中进行选择,第二步,呈现一张图片以及对应的指导语,被试要根据指导语完成指定任务(如图1所示)。具体来说,选择红色卡牌(不共情卡牌)的被试会被要求客观关注图片人物的外貌特征,并用一句话来描述TA的年龄和性别;选择蓝色卡牌(共情卡牌)的被试会被要求对图片人物的经历进行情绪关注,也用一句话来描述TA的内部体验和感受。最后将被试选择蓝色卡牌的比率作为其总体的共情水平。

被试完成共情选择任务之后,还要完成美国航空航天局任务负荷量表(NASA Task Load Index)的测查,以此评估他们完成每次共情选择任务的认知成本,包括“选择这张卡牌需要消耗多少脑力?”等问题。

IMG_0431.PNG
图1 共情选择任务(左边红色卡牌为不共情卡牌/蓝色卡牌为共情卡牌)

该研究通过不断改变共情选择任务研究范式(例如,改变卡牌的颜色,去掉卡牌的标签,降低回答的难度等等)排除无关因素的干扰,在11项研究里反复验证,最终发现了共情回避效应(Empathy avoidance),即相比于共情卡牌,人们更倾向于选择不共情卡牌。而且当人们对他人的情绪感同身受的时间越长时,认知成本得分也会越高,这种不断增加的认知成本会使得人们不愿意继续消耗自身的认知资源来对他人进行共情


可见,对他人共情并不是一件轻松的事。那么,人们为什么还会共情呢?人们在什么时候、在哪些情境中更可能对他人共情呢?共情会受到哪些动机影响呢?

另一项2020年发表于Journal of Experimental Social Psychology的研究通过三个实验检验了金钱激励、社会奖励和道德框架三种动机对共情的影响。

在研究1中,研究者通过共情选择任务研究范式(具体过程可参照图1任务范式)设置了三种实验条件,分别是:共情获得金钱奖励组(即选择共情的被试可额外获得0.01美元),不共情获得金钱奖励组(即选择不共情的被试可额外获得0.01美元),以及控制组(即没有金钱获得)。共情选择任务允许被试在共情他人和不共情他人之间进行自由的选择,最后通过他们在共情选择任务中选择的共情比率作为共情水平。然后测量被试完成共情任务时的脑力需求、自我效能感和厌恶感三个认知负荷水平。

结果如图2所示,金钱激励确实能够增强人们的共情选择,尽管这些人在共情时需要付出更多的脑力活动。而在控制组却再次发现了共情回避效应,即在没有金钱激励的情况下,人们不愿意与他人共情。

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图2 人们在金钱激励条件下的共情选择比率

研究1虽然证实了金钱奖励能够激发人们选择共情,但是这种金钱奖励是外在的物质奖励,其他非物质奖励是否也能激发人们的共情呢?于是,研究者在研究2中探讨了社会奖励对共情的作用。

在研究2中,研究者设置两种条件让被试选择是否共情。第一种条件是选择对陌生人共情或不共情,第二种条件是选择对亲密的人进行共情或不共情,然后对比两种条件下共情选择的比率是否存在差异

结果如图3所示,相比于陌生人,人们更愿意对与自己关系亲密的人共情,尤其是当这个亲密的人处于痛苦之中时。同时发现,在对亲密的人进行共情时,人们的自我效能感更高,付出的脑力需求更低,感觉到的厌恶程度也更低。这些结果进一步说明人们更容易对亲密的人共情,并且此时感到认知负荷更低。

IMG_0433.PNG
图3 人们在不同社会关系条件下的共情选择比率

研究3探讨了道德框架对共情选择的影响。研究者通过在共情选择任务之前呈现指导语,告知被试这是一项关于道德品质测量的任务,以此操纵共情的道德框架。研究结果表明,道德框架的操纵效应并不显著,所以在随后的共情选择任务中,人们的共情选择并没有显著受到道德框架的影响。虽然研究结果没有验证假设,但这并不能说明道德框架无法影响人们的共情。该结果可能是因为实验中道德框架的操纵太过微弱而导致的,有待将来研究进一步验证。

通过上述两篇文献,我们发现,人们实施共情时会考虑共情背后的成本(cost)和收益(benefit),无论是外在的金钱动机还是内部的社会动机都存在成本和收益的评估。只有当个体评估到共情具有一定的主观价值后,才会更愿意付出资源去选择共情。

然而,共情虽然存在认知成本,但动机对共情的影响也很大。具体而言,金钱奖励和亲密关系都是激励我们选择共情的动机因素。尽管共情时需要付出认知上的脑力活动,但物质的奖励和亲密关系的获得却会让个体觉得共情是有收益的,尤其在对亲密的人共情时,所以,人们更可能对亲密他人的喜乐哀惧感同身受。而道德框架对人们共情的影响,还需研究者们在进一步完善实验操纵程序后继续探索。

IMG_0434.JPG


参考文献:

Cameron, C. D., Hutcherson, C. A., Ferguson, A. M., Scheffer, J. A., Hadjiandreou, E., & Inzlicht, M. (2019). Empathy is hard work: People choose to avoid empathy because of its cognitive costs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(6), 962-976. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000595

Ferguson, A. M., Cameron, C. D., & Inzlicht, M. (2020). Motivational effects on empathic choices. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 90, 104010. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104010

推文作者:杨小钧 林靓
插图:彭重昊
编辑:彭重昊
排版:彭重昊
本文由亲社会实验室原创,欢迎转发至朋友圈,如需转载请联系后台,征得作者同意后方可转载

An emotionally manipulative mother-in-law can cause substantial damage to an otherwise healthy relationship. The good news is, there are signs you can look for and ways you can deal with this problem.

When it comes to relationships, there are many issues that arise. At one point or the other,

may be money problems, trust issues, or simple family disagreements. But one of the stickiest issues may be an emotionally manipulative mother-in-law.

一位具有情感操纵性的岳母/婆婆会对一段其他各方面都很健康的感情造成严重损害。但好消息是,有一些迹象可以察觉,也有办法应对这一问题。在感情中,会发生很多问题,在不同时间点,可能会是经济问题,信任问题或只是家庭意见不合,但其中最棘手的,可能莫过于一位具有情感操纵性的岳母/婆婆。

Signs of an emotionally manipulative mother-in-law
情感操纵型岳母/婆婆的迹象

You see, not all relationship problems happen within the home. Sometimes they are spawned within the extended family. Here are a few signs that your mother-in-law is being manipulative, so you can try to understand why and protect your family.
并非所有感情问题都源于家中。有时这些问题来自亲戚。以下是一位情感操纵型岳母/婆婆的迹象,通过这些迹象,你可以尝试了解为何会产生这些问题,以及如何保护自己家人。

01

She’s passive-aggressive
对方采用消极型攻击

One of the most insidious tactics used by emotionally manipulative in-laws is passive aggression. This treatment involves using heavy implications instead of obvious actions or statements. It’s an attitude or energy used to get some point across, and if you don’t get the point, your mother-in-law will get angry. She’s had plenty of time to show anger quietly and under most radars.

情感操纵型岳母/婆婆的一个最暗中作祟的策略就是消极型攻击。这种行为方式包含:大量含沙射影指桑骂槐而非采用明显的行为或陈述。对方会通过这种态度或方式试图暗示某种信息,如果你领悟不到这种暗示,对方就会生气。她有大量的时间以悄无声息,几乎不被察觉的方式表达愤怒。

02

She is always right
她永远正确

Look, you won’t be able to argue with your mother-in-law when she acts this way. When she decides she wants to buy a new set of chairs for your dining room or change your children’s clothing, she won’t be happy until she gets her way. Now, I’m not saying you should just give in to her every whim, but it’s not going to be easy to disagree with her because she simply “knows best”. And don’t forget, she’s never wrong.

当对方采用这种行为方式时,你根本无法与其争辩。当她决定想要给你的餐厅买一套新的餐椅,或者给你的孩子买新衣服时,如果得不到满足,她就永远不会开心。当然我并不是说你应该屈服于对方的每一个想法,但否定对方真的会困难重重,因为对方“懂得最多”,而且不要忘记,她永远不会错。

03

She doesn’t respect your boundaries
她不尊重你的个人界限

An emotionally manipulative mother-in-law will never respect the boundaries you set for your life. She will come over unannounced all the time. If you leave the door unlocked, she will just waltz right in. She will go inside, start cooking in your kitchen, and even make dinner plans without even consulting you first. There are absolutely no limits.

一位具有情感操纵性的岳母/婆婆永远不会尊重你的个人界限。她总是会突然拜访。如果你没锁门,她还会大摇大摆进来。她会进入你家,开始在你厨房做菜,甚至还会在不问你意见对的情况下就开始自作主张烧晚饭。限制?不存在的。

04

She’s competitive with you
她与你竞争

If your mother-in-law is always competing with you, then that is also manipulation. That insecurity I spoke of before drives her to compete with the things you do for your significant other.

This may include cooking her child’s favorite meals, buying expensive gifts, and whatever else it takes to better you. All this is done out of the fear that she no longer has a place in her child’s life. And this competition can be ruthless.

如果你的岳母/婆婆经常和你竞争攀比,那么这也是一种操纵。

当你为另一半做某些事时,我之前提到的那种不安全感驱使着她在这些事情上和你竞争。

这可能包括:为她的孩子做他/她最爱的食物,买昂贵的礼物,或其他任何能将你比下去的事情。这一切行为的背后动机都是恐惧,即害怕她在她自己孩子人生中再无一席之地。这种竞争会非常残酷无情。

05

She thinks you should be perfect
她认为你应该完美无缺

There’s nothing you can do to truly satisfy an emotionally manipulative mother-in-law. This is because she expects you to be perfect, and no one is perfect. But you see, no one will be good enough for her child, and the pressure she places on you will be immense. She will expect you to keep a spotless home and look ravishing at the same time. Her constant nitpicking will drain you.

你无论做什么都无法让一位情感操纵型岳母/婆婆完全满意。这是因为她想让你变得完美,而没有人是完美的。但你看,没有人能配得上她的孩子,她在你身上施加的压力将会十分巨大。她会期望你把家打理得一尘不染,同时还需要让自己魅力四射。她无休止地鸡蛋里挑骨头会让你身心俱疲。

06

She will remind your partner of past relationships
她会向你另一半提起过去的感情经历

Some in-laws may innocently talk about girls from their son’s high school years or old friends from college. However, the manipulative ones will harp on past relationships over and over in an attempt to get a negative reaction from you. She wants to make you jealous, and with your jealousy, then say,

“Why are you being so jealous?”

In fact, it’s unwise to dominate the conversation with memories of past partners. They are in the past for a reason.

一些岳母/婆婆可能会毫无恶意地提起自己儿子高中时代的一些女同学或大学里的一些旧友,但操纵型岳母/婆婆则会一遍遍地提起自己孩子过去的感情经历,就为了让你做出负面反应。她想要让你感到嫉妒,而当你嫉妒时,她就会说:

“你为什么会吃醋?”

实际上,让对过去恋人的回忆成为话题主要内容,这并不明智。他们之所以成为前任,不是没有原因的。

07

She plays the victim well
她擅于扮演受害者

Beware of the mother-in-law that plays the victim. This is an emotionally manipulative individual. If your wife is gone out for a while and her mother comes by, be careful. This is a prime opportunity for your mother-in-law to stir up trouble and play the victim.

When she sees her daughter again, she can tell all sorts of lies about you and paint herself as innocent. When in truth, maybe nothing even happened, or worse yet, maybe she harassed you while her daughter was out. This behavior is clearly manipulative.

警惕扮演受害者的那些岳母/婆婆们。这是一种情感操纵型人群。如果你的妻子外出一段时间,她母亲来到你家,那么一定要小心,这是她兴风作浪并扮演受害者的绝佳机会。当她女儿回来后,她可能会编造关于你的各种谎言,并将自己勾画得完全无辜。而实际上,可能什么都没发生,甚至更糟糕的是,可能在她女儿不在家期间,她一直在烦扰你。这种行为很明显是充满操纵性的。

08

She’s an expert spy
她是专业级监视者

Sometimes a toxic mother-in-law shows her true colors by spying on you. You may think she’s not paying attention, but look closer.

Yes! That was a fake smile she flashed when you caught her eye. But when you looked the other way, she calculatingly tried to find every crack and imperfection in your demeanor. It’s chilling. Oh, and not to mention, she will come by and look through the window too if you don’t answer her knock at the door.

有时,一位毒性岳母/婆婆本性毕露的场景是监视你。你可能觉得她并没有在意你,但仔细看,对的!当你和她对视时你看到她嘴角闪过一抹假笑。但当你假装没注意到时,她会煞费心机地试图找出你行为中的每个瑕疵。这让人不寒而栗。而且,更别提当你不给她开门时,她还会扒着窗户朝里看。

09

She manipulates the children
她操纵孩子们

If you have children, she will talk badly about you to them, either in private or when you’re around. She may also let them do things that you told them not to do. And if your children saw something happen between you and your mother-in-law, she will reframe the incident to make you look like the bad guy.

And, of course, this makes her appear like the victim. You’ll notice she uses the victim mentality quite a bit, and with both your partner and the kids.

如果你有孩子,她会暗中或当着你的面给孩子讲你的坏话。她可能还会让孩子做那些你不允许孩子做的事情。如果你的孩子们看到你和你的岳母/婆婆之间有事发生,她会歪曲事实,让你看起来是不讲理的一方。

当然,这让她看起来像是受害者。你会注意到她无论在你另一半前或你的孩子面前,都会大量采用这种受害者思维。

10

She’s making you feel insecure
她让你有种不安全感

Since your emotionally manipulative mother-in-law has been using all these various tactics, you may have become insecure. And your insecurity, if you’re not careful, will also be used against you. She will notice every little doubt, as if she can read your mind. So, keep your mind well-guarded against her attacks. Your sudden insecurity is a big sign that she’s manipulating you.

由于对方一直采用上述各种策略,你可能会变得有不安全感。而如果你大意的话,对方还会用你的不安全感来攻击你。她会注意到你的每次细微自我质疑,仿佛她能读取你的思维一般。因此,尽力保护自己大脑不受对方攻击。如果你突然产生不安全感,很可能就意味着对方在操纵你。

11

She’s narcissistic
她很自恋

Sometimes manipulation is deeply ingrained in people. As for your mother-in-law, this could be the case as well. If she’s narcissistic, she will want to be the center of attention. She will interrupt you when you speak, and she will ruin your plans. If you made dinner reservations and she finds out, she will convince your partner to do something else at the same time.

And empathy will not be one of her strong suits. She probably doesn’t care how you feel.

有时,操纵性在一些人身上是根深蒂固的。你的岳母/婆婆可能也是同样如此。如果她很自恋,她就会想要成为注意力的焦点。那么当你谈话时她会打断你,她还会破坏你的计划方案。当你在某个餐厅预定了晚餐位子,并被她发现时,她会劝说你的另一半在同一时间去做其他事情。同理心永远都不会是她的强项。她也有很大概率并不在乎你的感受。

12

She only publicly loves you
她对你的爱只是在人前的表演

The thing about an emotionally manipulative mother-in-law is that she will show loads of love and affection for you… but only in public. That’s because she wants everyone outside of the family to see how kind and sweet she is, while behind closed doors, she’s something else entirely. The stark contrast in her behavior is astounding.

关于一位情感操纵型岳母/婆婆,她会向你展示大量的爱意和喜爱,但是,只在公开场合才会如此。这是因为她想要家庭外的每个人都觉得她善良亲和,而实际上背地里她完全是另一副模样。这种行为上的反差令人惊愕。

So, what can you do?
那么,你能做些什么呢?

Well, here’s the thing, you can change this, but it won’t be easy. There are a few steps to put into place to protect yourself. Trust me, you will need to make sure your mental health is fortified when being attacked by an emotionally manipulative mother-in-law. Check this out:

事实上,你可以改变这一切,但这并非易事。有一些措施可以帮助你保护自己。相信我,当你被一位情感操纵型岳母/婆婆攻击时,你需要强化自身精神健康程度。看以下措施:

  1. Get your partner on board

拉另一半站在自己一边

You cannot change anything until you get your partner on board with what’s really going on. It seems like it should be obvious when manipulation is taking place, but it’s not, hence the word, “manipulation”. But if you can get your significant other to see some of the strange things that happen, maybe they can defend you.

如果你不能让你的另一半意识到正在发生的事情,你就永远无法改变这一切。看起来似乎操纵行为发生时应该是很一目了然的事情,但事实并非如此,所以才叫“操纵”。但如果你能够让你的另一半看到所发生的一些奇怪的事情,那么可能他们就能够捍卫你。

  1. Keep a record

做记录

Whenever you can, take pictures of important things, people, places, or situations that can rebuke any lies told about you. Secretly record your mother-in-law when she’s saying negative things about you and keep this record for “evidence”. Write down facts and keep a journal about the manipulative occurrences, so you can reference back to this information later on.

尽可能对重要事情,人物,地点或情形拍下照片,用来驳斥任何关于你的谎言。当你的岳母/婆婆说一些关于你的坏话时,偷偷录下来当作证据。写下所发生的事实,对操纵行为用记日记的方式记录下来,这样方便日后参照。

  1. Set stronger boundaries

设定更坚定界限

If your boundaries are being broken, set stronger ones. Make a rule that everyone needs to call before coming over to visit. I know this sounds harsh, but if your mother-in-law does not respect your personal time and your home, it’s time to change the rules. You can also designate a certain day of the week when you do not accept visitors.

如果你的界限被侵犯,那么设定更坚定界限。制定规矩,规定每个人在拜访你家前都必须先打电话。我知道这听起来不近人情,但如果你的岳母/婆婆不尊重你的个人时间和家庭空间,那么就意味着该调整规矩了。你还可以指定每周特定一天不接待任何访客。

  1. Stay strong and guard your self-esteem

坚定捍卫个人自尊感

Most importantly, don’t let your mother-in-law affect your self-worth. You know who you are, so don’t let someone else change that. Although these manipulative actions can be draining, it’s important to do whatever you need to stay healthy. If you need to walk away, do it. If you need to take a drive, go. Please do if you need to get away from a toxic situation.

最重要的是,不要让对方影响到你的自我价值感。你对自己最了解,不要让别人改变这一点。尽管这些操纵行为会让你感到身心俱疲,但你需要记得尽可能保护自己的健康。如果你需要走开,那么就走开,如果你需要兜风,那就去兜风。如果你需要离开某一毒性场景,那么就离开!

One last thought
写在最后

If you have an emotionally manipulative mother-in-law, it’s common. Many of us do. The good news is that sometimes you can help her change. If the case is that your mother-in-law is feeling insecure and latching onto her child, you can soothe that pain. Sometimes, let her win. Sometimes, let her cook your partner’s favorite dish.

I think it’s about a healthy balance of compromise and assertiveness. But the bottom line is, you’re going to have to be the judge of that yourself. Ask yourself this,

“What am I dealing with here?”

So, I wish you happiness, educated discernment, and good mental health. Be blessed and good luck.

如果你也有一位情感操纵型岳母/婆婆,那么这并不罕见。很多人都有这种岳母/婆婆。好消息是,有时你可以帮助她实现改变。如果情况是你的岳母/婆婆存在不安全感,所以粘着自己的孩子,你可以帮着抚慰这种痛苦。有时,让她赢。有时,让她去给你的另一半做他/她最爱吃的菜。一切都归结于在妥协和坚定之间实现一种健康的平衡,但关键在于,你需要自己来判断这一平衡点应保持在哪儿。问自己“我现在究竟在面对什么问题?”祝愿你幸福,具有明智辨别力,拥有健康精神状态。上帝保佑你,好运常相伴!

北师大家庭与儿童发展实验室
我们隶属于北京师范大学发展心理研究院,专注于中国婚姻与家庭研究,致力于将实用有趣的学术成果分享给大家。

本期作者:姜 赛
北京师范大学心理学部2019级本科生

荐序

回流儿童曾经跟随父母在城市生活学习,但又不得不返回家乡。回乡后,适应新的学校,和新的老师同学相处,应对心理上的变化都是巨大的挑战。他们需要更多的关注和支持,让我们试着去了解他们的感受,并看看能为他们做些什么吧~

孩子:

“为什么其他小朋友可以留在学校,而我要和大家分开?”

“回到家乡,我感觉一切都很陌生。”

“没有人陪在身边,没有朋友,我很孤独。”

“我好像是一个特立独行的人……世界这么大,好像没有一个属于我的地方。”

家长:

“爸爸妈妈也努力地争取过。想尽量让你上一个好一点的学校。”

“我们会尽量地多陪伴你,爸爸妈妈都很爱你。”

“如果你遇到了困难,要及时地告诉爸爸妈妈,我们一起解决。”

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什么是回流儿童

第七次全国人口普查的数据显示,2020年中国的流动人口有近3.76亿,较2010年时增长了69.73%。其中流动人口子女约1.3亿人,超过中国儿童总数的40%。受人口流动影响的儿童主要有以下两类:第一种是父母外出到其他城市,把孩子留在家乡让留下来的亲属照看,此时孩子被称为留守儿童;另一种是子女和父母一起到新的城市生活,此时孩子成为流动儿童

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近年来,随着经济、政策、社会等因素的变化,很多长居于城市的流动儿童返回老家就读。这些至少有过一次跟随父母在城市生活或求学的经历,但由于各种原因又返回家乡的儿童被称为“回流儿童”。回流儿童有随父母在城市生活的经历,其中的较大一部分在返乡后又会成为留守儿童,在一定程度上具有流动和留守的双重特点(韩嘉玲, 张亚楠, 刘月, 2020)。


从大城市返乡后, 生活中的一切好像都变了

从城市返回家乡后,孩子的生活环境面临着方方面面的变化,这些变化带给孩子们的影响是值得家长和老师们重视的。

1、学业方面:不同的教材,不同的学业要求

不同地区使用的教材结构可能有所区别,课程进度也不同,这会对回流儿童的学业适应造成很大的影响(张宝歌, 2012)。城市学校的英语进度往往超过乡村地区,在返乡以后,面对较为简单的课程内容,有一部分孩子的学习兴趣会降低,不太愿意认真听课和完成学业任务(金馨悦, 2021)。而部分城市数学课程的进度相对较慢,学生在返回家乡以后,因为没有接触过一些知识点,影响到了新课程的学习,导致成绩下降(田施英, 2008)。教材结构的改变可能会打乱孩子原先建成的知识体系,孩子需要花费约一个学期的时间来完成新旧教材的衔接(韩嘉玲, 刘月, 杨佳星, 2020)。如果跟不上新学校的进度,孩子的自信心可能会受到打击,甚至产生厌学情绪(张宝歌, 2012)。

除了课程的变化外,学校的要求和氛围也会有所不同。大城市的学校常常强调素质教育和全面发展,有丰富的课余活动;而在一些地方的教育体系中,可能仍然将成绩作为衡量学生的标准,将关注的重心放在主课的成绩上。从宽松的学校氛围转换到更为紧张的应试教育,是回流儿童返乡后需要面对的另一个重大考验(韩嘉玲, 刘月, 杨佳星, 2020)。

虽然回流给孩子的学业适应带来了各方面的挑战,但是也有研究发现,回流儿童仍然具有强烈的学习动机(乔世延 等, 2021)。在访谈中也发现,孩子们能够理解家长的辛苦,想通过好好学习来报答父母,帮家里分担压力(田施英, 2008)。


2、人际关系方面:新的校园环境,新的老师,新的同学

回流儿童要经历多次学习、生活和交友圈等的变化,这些变化让他们较难形成稳定的社交圈,影响他们的人际关系发展(丛玉明 等, 2014)。

首先是语言变化的影响。有些地区仍以说方言为主,老师在课堂上使用方言,同学们在学校里用方言交流,对于不会方言的回流儿童来说,语言的壁垒会让他们更难适应和融入新的学校(韩嘉玲, 刘月, 杨佳星, 2020)。Koo等人(2014)的访谈研究中遇到过一位孩子,当其他同学在场时,她会用带有地方口音的普通话和研究者交流,而当其他同学离开后,又改为使用普通话。她解释道:“家乡话并不容易学,也不容易说。但是我在刚回来时说普通话,被同学们说‘傲慢’,他们说我应该用家乡话而不是普通话。”

师生关系对学生的心理健康、学业成绩和学习投入都有重要影响(Arslan & Polat, 2016)。当老师采取民主的管理方式,积极了解学生的需要,关注学生的生活时,学生愿意积极地参与班级活动,与身边的同学融洽相处,也能够更好地适应学校生活(谭千保, 陈宇, 2007)。良好的师生关系也能够让学生感受到老师的信任和支持,降低学生感受到的学业压力(Luo et al., 2020)。而低质量的师生关系容易让学生产生孤独感等负面情绪,还会降低学生对学习的积极性(吴艳 等, 2012)。黎煦等人(2019)对四川及河北两省137所农村寄宿制学校的调查研究发现,与当地儿童相比,回流儿童感受到的教师关心程度更低。这也提示我们,回流儿童期待得到老师的关注和支持,这对他们适应新学校的生活有重要的作用。

同学交往是学生人际交往中的重要组成部分,和同学关系亲近的孩子能够拥有更强的归属感和亲密感,更好地适应学校生活(金灿灿, 邹泓, 2012; 谭千保, 陈宇, 2007)。有研究发现,对于父母不在身边的孩子,友谊是重要的保护因素,能够降低他们的孤独感,为他们提供重要的社会支持(Wen & Lin, 2012; 彭美, 2020)。对回流儿童而言,在新学校建立朋友关系可能需要一段时间,班级可以营造温暖友善的氛围,来帮助他们更顺利地融入新的环境。


3、家庭关系方面:“爸爸妈妈不能陪在我身边”

有父母双方或一方陪伴的孩子能够更好地适应返回家乡后的生活(张文玉, 宋映泉, 2020)。相对于父母陪伴回乡的孩子而言,父母不在身边(尤其是母亲不在身边)的儿童会感受到更多的孤独和不安(袁博成 等, 2014)。这可能是因为当母亲与孩子一起生活时,能够提供即时的情感支持,并与孩子一起应对困难。

回流儿童中,父母均不在身边的儿童占65.51%,孩子见到父母的频率也明显低于非回流儿童(张文玉, 宋映泉, 2020)。当父母不能陪同孩子一起返乡时,一般会选择将孩子送到寄宿学校或由家中的其他亲戚(往往是祖父母)抚养。祖父母或亲戚朋友对孩子的监护可能较多偏向生活起居方面,在学业和心理上能为孩子提供的帮助和支持相对较少(金馨悦, 2021)。此外,在亲戚家生活的孩子还会有“毕竟是在别人家里”的担忧,不敢说心里话,担心弄坏别人家的东西,逐渐变得小心翼翼(田施英, 2008)。而对于需要住宿生活的儿童来说,自己独立生活也是一个巨大的挑战,尤其是小学低年级的孩子可能还无法独立地照顾自己的起居,需要更多的照顾和指引(韩嘉玲, 刘月, 杨佳星, 2020)。

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同一学校儿童与父母见面频率对比(张文玉, 宋映泉, 2020)

虽然父母可能因为一些原因无法和孩子一起生活,但仍然能够为孩子提供支持,独自返乡的孩子也非常需要父母的支持。有研究发现,父亲与孩子的亲近关系能够提高孩子的生活满意度,让孩子感受到更多的积极情绪;而母亲与孩子的亲近关系能够帮助孩子缓解负面情绪,降低孤独感(Zhao et al., 2015)。


在陌生的环境中,回流儿童会感受到什么

研究者调查了17000余名寄宿制学校中的儿童,发现回流儿童在各项心理行为适应指标上均低于留守儿童和父母在身边的儿童(张文玉, 宋映泉, 2020)。儿童和青少年时期是生理和心理急速发展变化的时期,有必要关注回流儿童的心理变化和需求,以帮助他们缓解心理上的适应压力(田蒙, 2010)。

1、身份认同:我属于城市还是属于家乡?

回流儿童在城市上学时,被城市学生看作进城务工人员的子女;在返乡后,又被家乡的同学视为城里人,无论在城市还是家乡,似乎都被视为了“局外人”。这种来自成长环境的双重排斥是危害回流儿童的心理健康的重要原因(黎煦, 朱志胜, 2018)。张宝歌(2012)对黑龙江省中小学近2000名儿童的调查显示,由于环境的不断改变,有81.70%的学生产生了严重的心理困惑。此外,原先生活在大城市的孩子突然回到了家乡,繁华、现代化的环境被更为质朴简单的环境取代,环境上的变化可能导致孩子产生对自身身份认同的怀疑和对农村环境的失望,进而产生较强的心理冲突(黎煦 等, 2019)。


2、心理需求:渴望归属和爱

回流儿童 “局外人”的身份,使得他们更渴望寻求群体归属感和友谊,渴望得到父母的关心。袁乙今等人(2018)对回流儿童进行了深度的访谈,并统计了孩子们提到的需求。可以看出,物质上的需要虽然有被提及,但并非最主要的;孩子们最为渴望的是归属和爱,包括“关心”“爱”“亲密”“温暖”;此外,他们也希望能够得到身边人的尊重。

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杨丽芳和董永贵(2022)对有回流经历的大学生进行了深度访谈,请他们回顾自己在留守-流动-再留守期间的感受,发现在他们对这段频繁更换环境的经历持有较为消极的态度。在回流期间,他们和父母沟通的机会很少,得不到关心,体验到明显的无归属感,觉得自己“不被爱”,“被抛弃”。在与他人相处的过程中,他们不太愿意透露自己的心事,很难主动亲近别人,但在内心深处,也会期待着能够得到来自父母、老师和同学的关心。


3、独自返乡:强烈的孤独感

回流儿童在访谈中表现出了对父母的强烈思念:年龄较小的小学生们边说边哭;年龄较大的初中生们则表现出了超过年龄的沉稳(韩嘉玲, 刘月, 杨佳星, 2020)。有孩子提到:“每个同学离开父母的感觉都不是很好的。我希望放假的时间长一点,因为父母很少回来,回来陪我的时间也很短。”

此外,也有很多孩子在访谈中表达了对朋友的想念和对现在还没能交到朋友的失落,他们常常提到自己“没有朋友”。有许多孩子的好友都在原先生活的城市,而在返乡以后,他们察觉到自己和新同学之间有一种“障碍”,阻止他们进一步亲近和交流(Koo et al., 2014)。频繁的流动影响了孩子的同伴关系,与同学之间的陌生和隔阂也让流动儿童体验到强烈的孤独感和社交焦虑(蔺秀云 等, 2009)。

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有一位孩子在访谈中说:“刚回来的时候我很孤单。一切对我来说都是那么陌生。我留在学校,和同学们生活在同一个教室里。但我很难和他们沟通,我们没有任何共同之处……我很孤独。”独自返乡的回流儿童不仅缺少了父母的陪伴,同时还要面临交友方面的困难,是非常孤单,需要关心的。


与孩子一起应对变化,家长可以做什么

1、提早告知,预先准备

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在做出返回家乡(或换一个城市生活)的决定后,家长要提前告知孩子,并耐心为孩子解释原因和新生活环境的情况。转换环境对孩子而言是一个很大的变化,需要一段缓冲期来准备(王莉, 2021)。对于可能发生的变化,家长也可以提前帮助孩子适应,如:在家里和孩子用方言交谈;帮孩子提前搜集家乡用到的教材;协助孩子保持和朋友的联系等

2、多关心、陪伴孩子

对于回流儿童而言,由于环境的转变,朋友关系和师生关系很难维持,亲子关系是孩子最亲密的关系,也是重要的支持来源(周驰亮, 杨茂庆, 2022)。在同伴关系缺失的情况下,父母对流动儿童的关心和照顾对儿童问题行为的减少起着非常重要的作用,能帮助儿童更好地适应(金灿灿 等, 2012)。尤其是在刚回流的时间里,父母需要密切关注孩子在生活、关系、心理上的适应情况,积极地帮助孩子解决适应困难。在工作之余,父母也可以多与孩子沟通交流,耐心倾听孩子的感受,多多向孩子表达关心和爱。如果父母和孩子不在一起生活,也可以通过打电话、写信、多回家看看等方式与孩子保持情感联系,让孩子感受到支持和爱(赵景欣 等, 2013)。

3、主动与老师沟通,了解情况

Barnard(2004)通过对1000多名儿童的追踪研究发现,家庭和学校的联系越紧密,儿童的辍学率越低,高中毕业率也越高。也有干预研究发现,家庭和学校的紧密联系能够减少孩子的问题行为,形成家校合力有助于孩子更好地适应(Stormshak et al., 2011)。家长可以与老师保持定期沟通,主动地了解孩子的适应情况,以便及时发现孩子遇到的困难并提供帮助。

无论是流动、留守还是回流,都可以看作是儿童在不同时空下的某种生活状态。强调回流儿童这一群体的存在,并非想要将回流儿童的身份作为某种标签,而是希望在需要应对巨大变化的时期,他们可以得到更多的重视和关心,能够更好地适应和发展。


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策划 | 蔺秀云
撰写 | 姜赛
编辑 | 王婉睿
排版 | 丁欣怡