分类 夫妻关系 下的文章

北师大家庭与儿童发展实验室
我们隶属于北京师范大学发展心理研究院,专注于中国婚姻与家庭研究,致力于将实用有趣的学术成果分享给大家。

本期作者
王雪迪 韩思思 王婉睿

前情提要

每年11月25日被定为“国际消除家庭暴力日”。历史上的这一天,米拉贝尔三姐妹因家庭暴力被杀害,永远地失去了生命。为了纪念这一事件,1981年7月,第一届拉丁美洲女权主义大会宣布把11月25日作为反暴力日。


“打自己的老婆/老公是正常的事情,这是家务事,别人管不着。”每当提起夫妻双方因为一些事情大打出手时,人们总是会认为这是家庭内部的矛盾,是一个家丑不可外扬的事情。

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对于那些被打的受害人,人们往往恨铁不成钢忍不住质问TA们:“你为什么不离开TA?”、“你怎么不还手,非要被打死才甘心吗?”。也有人持着怀疑态度:“被打也有你自己的问题吧?要不是你做了什么事情,TA怎么会这么生气,以至于动手打你?”、“可怜之人必有可恨之处,挨打也是你自己找的”。

被家暴者也许还忍不住的幻想:那个恨不得把自己打死的人,也许有一天会醒悟过来,然后回过头来弥补自己的损失。但现实会这样吗?


01
家暴的现状:只是小概率事件

中国妇女社会地位调查数据(2011)显示:在整个婚姻生活中曾遭受过配偶侮辱、谩骂、殴打、限制人身自由、经济控制、强迫性生活等不同形式家庭暴力的女性占24.7%,其中,明确表示遭受过配偶殴打的已婚女性为5.5%。这也就意味着,在婚姻中,每4个女性就有一个遭受过不同形式的家庭暴力

2013年美国家暴热线的统计数据显示:一个受害者平均要经过7次的努力尝试,才能真正离开一个施暴者。摆脱家暴并不容易,其中被牵涉到的因素甚多,以至于被家暴者一次又一次的忍气吞声,也令家暴者更加地肆无忌惮。

夫妻家庭暴力作为当今社会最为突出的家暴形式,是一种与现代文明格格不入的毒瘤。2015年12月27日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议成功的通过了《中华人民共和国反家庭暴力法》。当你身边有人正在遭受着家庭暴力的折磨,不妨鼓励TA使用法律武器保护自己吧!

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02
家暴的成因:哪些人更容易产生家暴行为

一、人口变量学因素

①性别因素

有关夫妻暴力的性别差异一直饱受争议,大部分传统研究认为,男性更可能会成为施暴者(Langhinrichsen, 2010)。有调查显示,18-39岁的女性是遭受伴侣躯体暴力和精神暴力的高危人群(Burazeri, Roshi, & Jewkes, 2005; Robert, Thompson, & Amy, 2006)。

但随着研究的推进,研究者发现年龄较大的男性更有可能成为亲密伴侣躯体虐待的受害者(Yan & Chan, 2012)。具体来看,男性实施性胁迫的的概率和频率显著高于女性,而女性实施躯体暴力和精神暴力的概率和频率显著高于男性(何影, 2010)。因此,男女施暴比例相当,性别差异更多表现在实施暴力的类型上

②年龄、教育水平与经济因素

此外,妻子年龄比丈夫小的女性更易遭受虐待(Naved & Persson, 2005)。教育水平偏低、收入偏低、在经济上依赖丈夫的女性也更容易遭受家庭暴力,教育水平偏低的男性也更容易对伴侣实施暴力。

二、社会心理因素

①情绪调节

有研究表明,积极情绪对内隐攻击性具有抑制作用,而消极情绪对个体的内隐攻击性具有促进作用(陈艳, 2012)。暴力行为是负性情绪失调的表现,如果负面情绪长时间得不到调整,内隐攻击性会通过暴力行为表现出来(刘洁芸, 2021)。

②童年经验

观察学习理论由美国心理学家班杜拉在20世纪60年代提出,是指人们仅仅通过观察他人(榜样)的行为及其结果就能学会某种复杂行为,又称替代学习。观察学习理论认为,攻击性行为是可以通过后天习得的,那些观看暴力影片的孩子模仿影片中成人的攻击性行为的可能性更高。因此,儿童期遭受或目睹家庭暴力将大大增加其成年后成为施暴者的概率

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③自尊水平

自尊(self-esteem)水平低的人更可能会成为施暴者。自尊是个人基于自我评价产生和形成的一种自重、自爱,并要求受到他人、集体和社会尊重的情感体验。许多人实施暴力行为,是为了补偿他们的不安全感和低自尊,他们试图通过压制伴侣来获取尊重和赢得自我价值感。

④依恋风格

成人的依恋类型分为安全型依恋、焦虑型依恋、回避型依恋、恐惧的回避型依恋四类。安全型依恋可以减少暴力行为的发生,而焦虑型依恋和回避型依恋等非安全型依恋则会促进暴力行为的发生(Tussey et al., 2018)。

安全型依恋的个体对亲密感及其对他人的需求感到舒适,即相信自己是被爱着的且自己是值得被爱的,他们遇到矛盾时能够以恰当的、安全的方式表达自己的依恋需求;而非安全型依恋风格的个体常常会站在控制的立场上面对他人(Mikulincer & Shaver, 2016),他们难以直接表达自己的情感需要,而是采用强烈的指责或抱怨、更直接的支配态度、甚至是暴力行为(包括言语暴力、身体暴力、冷暴力等)来向伴侣表达情感诉求。

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⑤社会支持

家庭暴力之所以能愈演愈烈,受虐者的不断隐忍也需要承担责任。不良的社会支持或缺乏社会支持是受虐者隐忍不发、不敢奋起反抗最常见的影响因素(邹韶红, 张亚林, 2007)。许多受虐者与支持系统隔绝,对自身价值的唯一确认即来自禁锢TA的人,比如前面推文中提到的煤气灯效应,其中的煤气灯人惯常以“爱”之名架空受虐者的社会联结,使其陷入孤立无援的境地。

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03
家暴的识别:只是骂了TA几句,算家暴吗

前文列举了一些家庭暴力的成因,但并不是具有这些特质的人都有进行家庭暴力的倾向。单从个人的特质和经历等层面形成的标签化印象并不能作为家暴是否发生的评判标准,真正了解家庭暴力的具体表现形式才能帮助人们做出正确的判断,规避伤害

1、身体暴力:作为比较常见的家庭暴力类型,身体暴力主要是指一方对另一方进行肉体上的摧残。在具体表现形式上包括但不限于以下几类:

推、拖、打、踢或挠对方
用拳头或工具伤害对方的身体
使用刀或其他武器进行威胁

2、精神暴力:精神暴力主要指施暴者对受害者进行精神上的折磨,主要有以下几种表现形式:

损坏对对方来说很重要的事物
侮辱、谩骂、贬低对方,降低对方的自我价值
以伤害其他家庭成员为威胁,强迫对方做不喜欢的事情

3、性暴力:性暴力发生在夫妻或亲密的伴侣之间,是家庭暴力的一种特殊表现形式。受害者在身体上的伤害较为隐蔽,但在精神层面造成的伤害和屈辱则让人无法承受。

强迫对方看色情片
强迫对方做任何不想做的性行为
强迫对方在不愿意的时候发生性关系

4、经济控制:经济控制指一方对另一方的经济收入和支出及其使用和决定进行控制,使对方处于没有自由的经济支配权的生活中。

禁止伴侣找工作、上班赚钱
违背伴侣意愿拿走伴侣收入
掌管经济大权,并严格控制伴侣支出

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04
面对家庭暴力,我们可以做些什么

一、发生了家暴,我该怎么办?

避免激怒施暴者,避免暴力升级。

相信自己是有价值的,值得被爱的。家庭暴力的发生并不是因为你做错了什么,你始终是值得被爱的。必要时向心理咨询师寻求专业帮助。

在保护好自己的前提下告诉他人自己的遭遇,包括家人、朋友等等。即使不愿马上寻求帮助,也可以多一个人关注自身的安全。

二、好友遭遇了家暴,我该如何帮助TA?

NO:

不要让受害者觉得是自己的问题。“TA为什么打你啊”、“你如果没有错,TA为什么会打你”……这些话语都在暗示受害者,是自己的原因导致暴力的发生,降低受害者的自我价值感。

不要贸然替受害者找施暴者聊聊。这种行为可能会让施暴者感觉到自己的权威被挑战,从而导致暴力升级。

不要强迫受害者离开这段关系。受害者和施暴者之间的关系是复杂的,对于受害者来说,他们有可能被施暴者威胁,也有可能被施暴者暴行后的忏悔所打动。是否离开这段关系是一个复杂的权衡过程,而强迫受害者离开,可能会让受害者觉得自己没有被倾听。

YES:

与TA谈论目前的处境。身陷家暴的人,可能不太容易提及“家暴”这样的标签。因此可以用具体的事来进行善意接近:好久都没看见你了,你怎么样?我留意到你看对方的眼神,看起来你好像有点怕他?我很担心你。

与TA保持一定程度的定期联系。一方面,可以通过定期联络确定TA的生命安全;另一方面也可以通过这种形式告诉TA,如果TA需要,你会一直站在TA的身后支持着TA,哪怕对方没有发生改变,我们也不会因此而抛弃TA。

永远支持和鼓励TA寻求专业心理帮助。


参考文献

陈艳. (2012). 情绪调节策略对内隐攻击性的影响(硕士学位论文). 浙江师范大学.

刘洁芸.(2021).老年夫妻依恋与夫妻暴力的关系:情绪调节策略的作用(硕士学位论文). 天津师范大学.

李玲.(2018).我国家庭暴力法律问题研究(硕士学位论文), 云南财经大学.

邹韶红, 张亚林. (2007). 夫妻暴力及其心理社会高危因素. 中国临床心理学杂志, 15(3), 300–303.

Naved, & Persson, L. Å. (2005). Factors Associated with Spousal Physical Violence Against Women in Bangladesh. Studies in Family Planning, 36(4), 289–300.

Burazeri G,Roshi E,Jewkes R(2005). Factors associated with spousal physical violence in Albania: Cross sectional study, BMJ, 331(75), 197–201.

Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

Robert S., Thompson M.D, Amy E(2006). Intimate partner violence prevalence, types, and chronicity in adult women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(6), 446–457.

Tussey, Tyler, K. A., & Simons, L. G. (2021). Poor Parenting, Attachment Style, and Dating Violence Perpetration Among College Students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5-6), 2097–2116.

策划 | 蔺秀云
撰稿 | 王雪迪 韩思思 王婉睿
编辑 | 李欣霏
排版 | 李欣霏
图源网络 | 侵删

It starts innocently enough. You meet someone through a mutual friend, or on a dating app, and after a few dates, there’s a funny feeling in your stomach, an indicator that this person is different. Special. There’s something about them, you think. Time seems to fly by and after a few months, you’re convinced your soul mate has arrived because the emotion you feel is strong enough to power a city. I’m in love, you think, as you re-read old text messages and scroll through their Instagram feed.

这段感情的开端足够单纯。你们通过某位共同好友或者在某约会软件相识,在约会数次后,你心中有种奇妙感觉,这表明对方与其他人不同,很特别。你觉得他们有种特别之处。时间如若飞逝,在数月之后,你坚信你已经找到了你的灵魂伴侣,因为你所感受到的澎湃感情足以为整个城市提供能源。当你重读之前信息,或浏览对方Instagram页面时,“我陷入爱河了”,你想。

You ride a wave of bliss and cannot for one second imagine the feeling coming to an end, and with that kind of optimism, you pack up your stuff and move in together. When you know, you know, you tell your friends and family.

你内心充满幸福甜蜜,甚至无法想象这一感觉会停止。带着这种乐观,你收拾好自己的行李,开始和对方同居。“当你知道时,你自然就会知道。”你这样告诉你的朋友和家人。

And then you wake up one morning and realize that your soul mate, your one and only, your forever and ever love, is actually doing things that to you seem illogical and if you're honest with yourself, kind of stupid.

然后,一天早晨你醒来,你发现你的灵魂伴侣,你的唯一,你永远的爱,却在做着某些在你看来完全不合逻辑,而且坦白说,有些愚蠢的事情。

They wait until the last minute to get things done. They don’t seem at all concerned that they're always late to social gatherings or to work. They don't wash their fruit before they eat it, and they don't seem to know how to drive. They spend money with no budget in mind, and they never seem to be worried about the future. They have no sense of organization, and you are always cleaning up after them.

他们总是拖延到最后一刻,他们似乎完全不在乎总是在聚会或工作中迟到,他们吃水果之前并不会洗一下,他们似乎也不懂如何开车。他们花钱毫无预算概念,而且似乎从来不会考虑未来。他们毫无条理性,你总是跟在他屁股后面帮他整理烂摊子。

You’ve always been the planner, the organizer, the mothership of proactive measures, and as you see their terrible habits playing out, you worry that your relationship won’t go the distance. Having always been told that you are a generous, kind-hearted, and compassionate person, you embark on a mission to help your partner become a better version of themselves: to coach them into perfection.

你一直扮演着规划者,整理者的角色,你制定所有主动措施。当你看到他们的不良习惯浮现,你开始担忧这段感情并不会长久。一直被告知你是一个慷慨,善良和富有同情心之人,你开始踏上了履行一个使命的征程:帮助你的伴侣成为更好的人,指导对方变得完美。

With patience, you encourage them to make different choices. “Maybe you should try getting up earlier,” you say. “Maybe we can sit down and look at your finances and help you budget.”

你很耐心地鼓励对方做不同的选择。“或许你该尝试早起一些,”你说。“或许我们可以坐下来,看一下你的财务问题,帮你制定预算。”

Soon enough, most of your sentences begin with “Don’t forget to…” or “Remember that you need to…” and although you started off with a great deal of patience, you see that none of your efforts are working. Your partner’s still doing the same annoying things, and now you’re annoyed, angry, and frustrated because they don’t appreciate how much you’re trying to help them. After all, isn’t that what love is all about? Coaching our partners and helping them to be better versions of themselves?

很快,你的大多数句子都起始于“不要忘记……”“记得你需要……”尽管一开始你带着大量的耐心,但你发现你的一切努力都徒劳无功。对方依旧死性不改,于是你变得恼怒,生气,沮丧,因为你觉得对方对你的帮助并不领情。毕竟,难道这不就是爱情本该有的样子吗?指导并帮助对方成为他们更好的自己?

Well, no.

呃,并非如此!

Why are you raising your partner?
你为什么在抚养你的另一半

All of us arrive in relationships with a particular set of beliefs, perspectives, and values that are born from our own experiences and upbringing. No two people are ever the same, and how you show up in a relationship is likely a product of what you experienced long before your partner looked into your eyes and made the world spin a little faster.

我们所有人在进入一段感情时都带着一套特定的理念/观点和价值观,它们来自于我们的人生经历和被养育过程。没有任何两个人是完全一样的。你在一段感情中所呈现的样子,是你往昔经历的产物,而且这些经历远在你的另一半凝视你双眸,让你心中小鹿乱撞很久之前就已经发生。

If you always slip into a pattern of “raising” your partner, consider that maybe you saw the same dynamic playing out in the relationship between your parents. Having been modeled for you for all of your childhood, it may have registered as the normal, healthy dynamic between two people who love each other.

如果你总是会陷入抚养另一半的感情模式,那么考虑其原因可能是这是你在你父母之间看到的感情模式。童年时期你一直耳濡目染,它可能会让你觉得这是两个相爱之人之间的正常/健康模式。

Perhaps you got well-intentioned advice over and over again from friends and family members. I remember talking to a friend of mine about some of my frustrations early on in my marriage. “Don’t worry,” she said. “You just need to train him.” Train him? I thought. I married a human being, not a Labrador retriever.

也可能是来自亲朋好友的一遍又一遍善意的建议。我记得和我一个朋友讲述我在刚结婚时遇到的一些受挫情况时。“别担心,”她说,“你只是需要训练他。”训练他?我想。我嫁给的是一个人,不是一只拉布拉多。

Another reason might be that your partner’s way of existing in the world actually causes you a great deal of distress, because it is wildly different from how you have chosen to live your own life. So when you endeavor to “help” your partner, to mold them, train them, and change them to fit your own beliefs and worldview, perhaps you're trying to mitigate your own discomfort with things being contrary to what you believe.

还有一个原因可能是对方的生活方式的确给你造成了很大痛苦,因为他的生活方式与你所选择的生活方式差异巨大。因此,当你试图去“帮助”你的另一半,去塑造对方,训练对方,按照你的理念和世界观改变对方时,可能你只是在缓解面对与自己理念相悖之事物时所产生的不适感。

Maybe it’s just easier and safer to focus on someone else rather than on yourself. There’s a part of you that recognizes there’s some stuff you haven’t processed, some hard truths about yourself you don’t want to face; turning your attention on your partner seems like a sound strategy to avoid feeling uncomfortable. After all, if you were conditioned to believe that being anything less than perfect is unacceptable, it’s not logical that you would then grow up to be an adult who can embrace your vulnerabilities. It makes more sense to avoid them altogether.

可能只是因为聚焦于别人,而非自己,这样更简单,更安全。你内心有一部分意识到你自己还存在某种未解决的问题,还有一些你不想面对的,关于自己的残酷真相,于是,将注意力转向另一半,似乎就是一个良好的策略,它可以让你避免感到不适。毕竟,如果你被灌输一定要完美才可以,那么你长大成人后就不大可能会接受自己的脆弱之处。这时候,完全回避这些脆弱之处,似乎就是较为合理的做法。

If you experienced a great deal of uncertainty, instability, or traumatic losses throughout your childhood, this may have impacted how you manage your day-to-day now. Your way of establishing safety and stability in the world may have manifested as an emphasis on controlling every area of your life; you plan every step and do everything in your power to avoid feeling the same fear, sadness, and hurt that you may have felt as a child. Your partner forging their own path may trigger an alarm that things are not safe, which means you need to control every aspect of your life, and also theirs.

如果你在童年时期经历了大量的不确定性,不稳定性,或失去过某些重要的人或物且这些失去给你留下了创伤,这可能也会影响你的日常行为方式。你在这个世界上构建安全感和稳定感的方式,可能表现为侧重于控制生活中每个方面。你会规划每一步,尽己所能避免再次感受到童年时期所感受到的那些恐惧,悲伤和伤痛。你的另一半按照自己方式生活,可能会触发你内心的警报,让你感到不安全,让你觉得你需要控制你生活和对方生活中的一切。

How it impacts your sex life
这对你的性生活有何影响

If you have noticed that your sex life has dropped off, if you no longer reach for each other the moment you’re in the same room, it may be that the interactions between you have become too parental, which is not the sexiest dynamic in the world.

如果你注意到你们性生活已经热情消退,你们同处一室时不再互相触碰对方,那么你们之间的感情模式可能就变得过于亲子化,而这种感情模式并非世界上最性感的感情模式。

When you channel all of your energy toward making sure your partner is improving, changing, progressing, and growing, you run the risk of forgetting two important factors: They never asked you for help, and they managed to survive before they met you. Rather than change and grow, they remain firmly entrenched in their ways, and you end up feeling exhausted, frustrated, resentful, and worst of all, unappreciated. This is not a recipe for an active sex life.

当你将所有精力倾注在提升对方,改变对方,让对方前进,成长时,你可能就面临着忘却两项重要因素的风险:

对方从未要求你提供帮助,而且在遇到你之前他们也活的好好的。

对方并未改变和成长,而是依旧固执坚持原来的种种习惯,你则最终感到精疲力尽,受挫沮丧,充满怨恨,而且最糟糕的是,觉得不被珍惜。这可不是构建幸福性生活的配方。

If you are the person being parented, you might be feeling like a 5-year-old who's constantly getting in trouble or trying to get things right so that your partner doesn’t get upset with you. This too may kill any desire for intimacy you may have had when you first met, because you’re starting to feel like you moved in with a younger version of your parent. Again, not sexy.

如果你是被“抚养”的那一方,你可能会觉得自己像是一个5岁小孩,一直担心招惹麻烦,或战战兢兢如履薄冰生怕惹对方不开心。这也可能会扼杀任何你们刚相识时所感受到的亲密欲望,因为你开始觉得和你同居在一起的是你年轻版的父母。同样,这也毫无性感可言。

So what do you do?
该如何做

Make a decision as to whether or not you really want to stay in your relationship. You may have to explore what drew you to them in the first place and ask yourself some tough questions: Do I really love them? What, exactly, do I love? If you are hyper-focused on the things that bother you, it’s easy to forget the important stuff: Maybe you share the same values, maybe you both want the same things, maybe you share the same faith. Remembering these things can help you determine whether or not you want to stay or throw in the towel.

决定自己是否真的想继续这段感情。首先,你可能需要探究最初是什么让你觉得对方有吸引力,并问自己一些很艰难的问题:我真的爱对方吗?我究竟爱的是什么呢?如果你过度关注那些困扰你的事情,可能就很易于忘记一些重要的事情:可能你们拥有相同的价值观,可能你们都追求同样的事物,可能你们有着共同的信仰。记住,这些事情可以帮助你决定你是否真的想要继续这段感情。

Focus on yourself. Rather than focusing on your partner’s habits, make a conscious effort to turn inward and explore your own relationship expectations and perspectives. Working with a therapist can help you identify and understand stubborn patterns that perhaps you want to change, and help you challenge old beliefs about yourself and/or relationships that have never really served you.

关注自身,而非关注对方的习惯,主动内省,探究自己对感情的期望和视角。寻求心理医生的帮助,这可以帮助你识别并理解自己需要改变的一些固有行为模式,帮助你质疑你对自己,以及往昔负面/毒性感情关系一贯持有的观点看法。

Relinquish control. I would be lying if I said this was easy, because having control may have always been your way of feeling safe and secure, or maybe this was how you learned to express love. Whatever the reason, when you endeavor to explore other paths that are outside of your comfort zone, it might feel terrifying, or it may seem like entirely too much work.

放弃控制欲。如果我说这很简单,那么我肯定是在撒谎,因为掌控感可能一直以来都是你获得安全感的方式,可能也是你所学到的表达爱的方式。无论原因是什么,当你尝试探索自己舒适区之外的路径时,你可能感到恐惧,或者感到很难招架。

But if you’ve realized that you do love the person, and you want the relationship to work, remind yourself constantly that the only thing over which you have real agency is you. No amount of well-intentioned effort on your part will ever change someone who hasn’t first recognized the changes they’d like to make for themselves.

但如果你意识到你真的很爱对方,而且你也想要这段感情修成正果,那么不断提醒自己:你唯一真正能控制的,是自己。如果一个人并未首先意识到自己想要做出某种改变,那么,无论你做出多么善意的努力,都不会令其改变的。

Be a team, not adversaries. If your partner’s up for it, seek a couple’s therapist. Sometimes you can fall into the trap of thinking that your partner is the problem, or perhaps they think you’re the problem. A therapist may help you see that neither you nor they are the problem, but that there is a problem, and it can be resolved by working together, not independently.

成为一个团队,而非敌人。如果对方愿意,可以寻求婚姻咨询师的帮助。有时你们可能会陷入这样一个陷阱,即,都觉得对方才是问题所在。婚姻咨询师可能会帮助你们看到问题并不在于你们,但的确是存在某种问题,而且你们可以共同努力来解决这一问题,而非只靠一方单独解决。

Talking to someone doesn’t have to mean that your relationship is coming to an end. I’ve worked with couples that simply want to work on understanding each other better, and to improve how they resolve conflicts and challenges.

寻求咨询师帮助,并不意味着你们的感情走到了终点。我曾有一些客户,他们单纯只是想要更好地理解对方,提升他们解决冲突和挑战的方式。

Conclusion
结论

No matter how you show up in relationships, know that it is not something to be judged, but to be explored, understood, and appreciated because there's value and purpose to be found in all of our experiences. The more you understand yourself, the better you can do what might seem impossible: accept your partner for who they are, and not for who you want them to be.

无论你以何种方式出现在一段感情中,都需要知道,这并不应该被指手画脚地评判,而是需要被探索,被理解,被珍惜,因为在我们所有经历中都存在某种价值和目的。你对自己理解得越充分,你就能够更好地完成那些看起来似乎不可能的事:接受另一半本身的样子,而非你想让他/她成为的样子。

Most of us have been on the receiving end of emotional blackmail at some point in our relationship history.
我们大部分人都曾在往昔感情关系中某个时间点受到过情感勒索。

Sometimes we were more aware of it; other times, we didn’t see it depending on how obvious the manipulation was. One thing is for sure; it feels miserable to be a victim of blackmail.
有时我们可以较为轻松识别,但其他时候则取决于对方操纵手段的明显性。但有一点是肯定的,那就是作为情感勒索的受害者,感觉非常糟糕。

You can employ methods to handle the situation once you recognize the signs. Before we move on to spotting the signals and finding ways to deal with the blackmail, let’s first define what is emotional blackmail.
一旦你能够识别情感勒索的迹象,那么就可以采用方法应对这种情形。在介绍相关迹象和应对方法之前,首先让我们来定义什么是情感勒索。

Emotional blackmail is a form of dysfunctional dynamic that happens in some close relationships where a person uses various forms of manipulations to get you to do what they want.
情感勒索是一种不良的关系状态。它发生于一些亲密感情关系中,是指其中一方采用各种类型的操纵手段,让你做他们想要你做的事情。

A person trying to emotionally blackmail you will instill feelings of anger, fear, or guilt to get you to comply with what they want when they want it. However, in these situations, it can be difficult to gauge and clearly point to whether the victim is being manipulated.
试图情感勒索你的人会向你注入愤怒、恐惧或内疚感,以此来让你服从他们的要求和欲望。但在这些情形中,可能会很难衡量或很难明确说出受害者是否正在被操纵。

Leaders in the field, Susan Forward and Donna Frazier identify the power dynamic that occurs in such manipulation. They suggest that emotional blackmailers employ a fear – emotion – guilt tactic to get what they want.
该领域领军人物 Susan Forward 和 Donna Frazier找出了这类操纵的底层运作方式。他们提出,情感勒索者会采用一种“恐惧——情感——内疚”的策略来让对方满足自己。

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FOG

FOG is a term named by Forward, suggesting that fear, obligation, and guilt are the dynamics in emotional blackmail between the manipulator and the victim. The acronym FOG also accurately describes the confusion and lack of clarity and thinking that can occur in these interpersonal dynamics. Emotional blackmail can create a fog and contribute to feelings of fear, obligation, guilt, and anxiety.
FOG 是 Forward提出的一个术语,指代操纵者和受害者之间情感勒索关系的三个动力:恐惧、义务和内疚。
这一首字母缩写词同时也精确描述了这类人际关系中可能出现的如fog(雾)一般的困惑、混沌和无法理性思考等情形。情感勒索会生成一片大雾,并造成恐惧、义务感、内疚和焦虑等感受。

Emotional blackmail in relationships can be more or less subtle and appear as withholding of affection, disappointment, or even slight changes in body language and tone of voice.
感情关系中的情感勒索可能会或多或少微妙一些,而且会表现为收回爱意、失望、甚至肢体语言和语调的细微变化。

Because the tactics can be covert, emotional blackmail may be difficult to spot, especially for those who may experience more vulnerabilities to it. According to Forward,
由于策略的隐蔽性,可能就会很难识别情感勒索,尤其是对于那些更易受其影响之人。根据 Forward所说:

“Blackmailers make it nearly impossible to see how they’re manipulating us, because they lay down a thick fog that obscures their actions. All the while, if we attempt to fight back, they ensure that we literally can’t see what is happening to us.”
“情感勒索者让人几乎无法看出他们在操纵我们,因为他们用一层厚厚的大雾遮蔽了他们的行为。整个过程中,如果我们试图反抗,他们会确保让我们完全看不出他们的行为本质。”

They can use covert techniques that create confusion by:
他们会采用以下隐性策略来障人耳目:

Making their demands seem reasonable
让他们的要求看起来具有合理性;

Make the victim feel selfish
让受害者感到是自己自私;

Pathologizing or making the victim seem as though they are crazy
指责是受害者有病(生理或心理)或思维不正常。

Ally with someone of influence to intimidate the victim
拉某一有影响力者站在自己同一战队,试图震慑受害者。

Regardless of the types of emotional blackmail, one thing in common with all emotional blackmailing tactics is the element of threat – if you don’t comply, there will be consequences.
无论情感勒索类型如何,其所有策略的一个共同点,就是“威胁”——如果你不服从,会有后果的!

Tactics
策略

An individual can adopt either of the following tactics or a combination of them to emotionally blackmail their partner:
一个人可能会采用以下一种或数种策略来对伴侣进行情感勒索:

01
The punisher/惩罚者

As the name suggests, in this kind of emotional blackmail step, an individual implores different forms of punishment or threats of punishment as a way to get what they want.
Withholding affection, threats of ending the relationship, putting restrictions on their partner, anger, silent treatment, and even physical punishments and abuse.
如名称所示,这一类型的情感勒索方式中,勒索者会采用不同形式的惩罚或威胁给予惩罚的方式,试图达成自己目的。收回爱意、威胁分手、限制对方、愤怒、冷战甚至肢体惩罚或暴力。

02
The self punisher/自我惩罚者
Here the manipulation happens by using guilt or the suggestion of possible guilt to instill fear.
Threats of self-harm, blaming their partner for their problems and difficulties are some common threats used to trigger fear in others.
这种操纵方式是指通过内疚或暗示可能发生的内疚感而使对方感到恐惧。
威胁自残、将个人问题或困难归咎于伴侣,是一些用于触发别人恐惧感的常见威胁形式。

03
The sufferer/痛苦者
A sufferer holds their hopelessness over their partners’ heads to get them to do what they need.
They blame their problems due to their partner’s actions and threaten them that if they don’t do what they need, it will only add to the suffering.
痛苦者不断提起自己的悲惨无望,以此操纵伴侣满足自己需求。
他们将个人问题归咎于伴侣的行为,而且,他们会威胁说,如果对方不满足他们所需,他们会更痛苦。

They depend on fear, obligation, and guilt to get what they want.
他们依赖于恐惧、义务和内疚感来达成自己目标。

04
The tantalizer/画饼者

A tantalizer uses compensations or rewards to get something from you, but each time you pass one obstacle, there’s another waiting and you just can’t keep up.
Promising some sort of remuneration, especially something that you need or desire, however, their promises rarely ever materialize.
画饼者通过补偿或奖励的方式试图从你这里得到某样东西,但每次你越过一个障碍后,还会有另一个障碍在等着你,而且会让你应接不暇。
许诺给与某种回报,尤其是一些你需要或渴望的东西,但他们的承诺几乎很少兑现。

Now that we have defined what is emotional blackmail, we need to shed some light on how to recognize it. It is not always easy to spot it, especially when the person attempting to manipulate is sophisticated and socially intelligent.
现在我们已经定义了什么是情感勒索,那么接下来我们需要了解如何识别。情感勒索并非总是能够轻易识别,尤其是当试图操纵你的人是个老江湖且深谙人心时。

Signs of emotional blackmail
情感勒索的迹象

Signs of emotional blackmail might not be evident immediately, so you could be blackmailed and not be conscious of it.
情感勒索的迹象可能一开始并不明显,所以你可能在不知不觉间就被勒索了。

Familiarizing ourselves with the signs of emotional blackmail can be a measure of protection. Let’s study some of the most common signs and examples of emotional blackmail in relationships.
熟悉这些迹象,可以作为我们的一种自我保护措施。让我们来了解一下感情关系中一些最常见的迹象和示例。

  1. Being accused of everything negative that happens

只要有负面事件发生,你必被指责。

Do they blame you and avoid taking accountability for their actions?
When in a relationship with a person who is emotionally blackmailing you, everything that goes on in the relationship or their life becomes your responsibility.
他们是否指责你,并逃避为自己的行为负责?
当在一段感情关系中,一方对你进行情感勒索时,这段关系中以及他们生活中的每件事情都变成了你的责任。

Example/示例:
If you were paying more attention to me, I wouldn’t have cheated.
If you helped out more with chores, I would have gotten that promotion at work.
如果你当时多关注我一些的话,我本不会出轨的。
如果你多帮忙做一些家务的话,我本来可以得到那个升职机会的。

  1. Keeping you out of their good grace

不受对方待见

Due to the blame-shifting for every little thing, you feel like you are constantly apologizing and needing to earn back their affection.
Even when you don’t feel like you should, they twist the situation around quite skillfully, so you think it is your fault and apologize to them.
When you are sorry for something, you need to earn back their affection, giving them the upper hand.
由于在每件鸡毛蒜皮小事上将责任推给你,你感觉自己不断在道歉,需要赢回他们的爱意。
即使当你觉得你并不应该这么做,但他们会相当高超地扭曲事实,让你觉得是你的错,你需要向他们道歉。
而当你为某件事道歉时,这意味着你需要赢回他们的爱意,这就让他们占了上风。

Example/示例:
It’s your fault! I missed my train and was late for work. How will you make it up to me? If you fix this, I will think about trusting/caring/loving you again.
这是你的错!我错过了车,工作迟到了,你怎么能够补偿我?如果你能解决这一问题,我就考虑再次信任/关心/爱你。

  1. Lack of compromise or true apology on their end

对方从不妥协或真心道歉

Instead of constantly apologizing on your side, they do not genuinely regret their actions or make any changes. You can tell it is an empty justification they are providing because they are unwilling to back it up with actions.
与你总是在道歉不同,他们从不真心悔改个人行为,也从不做任何干煸。你能分辨出他们的话语只不过是空洞的托辞而已,因为他们并不愿意付诸行动。

Example/示例:
I’m taking this job no matter what you think about moving.
You know how I feel; there is no need to make me apologize.
不管你想不想搬家,我都要接受这份工作。
你知道我的感受是什么。不需要非得逼着我道歉。

  1. Making you seem irrational for questioning them

当你质疑他们时,让你看起来仿佛是你不讲理

Have you ever tried to bring some of their errors to light? Have they turned the tables not only to make it seem like it was your fault but also make you appear illogical?
They always have a way to rationalize their unreasonable requests, and you end up being the crazy one if you dare question them.
你是否曾尝试指出他们的一些错误?他们是否调转局面,不仅让一切看起来都是你的错,而且还让你看起来是不讲逻辑的那一方。
他们总是能够让自己的不合理请求变得合理化,而你如果胆敢提出质疑,那么最后你就会是不正常的那一方。

Example/示例:
I told my friend, and they agree you are being absurd about this.
My therapist/pastor/family agrees that what you did was unreasonable, and I am not to blame here.
我告诉了我的朋友,他们都认同在这件事上你很荒唐。
我的心理咨询师/牧师/家人都认同你的行为很无理取闹,我说这话可不是在指责你。

  1. Exhorting sacrifices from you for their happiness

勒索你为他们的幸福而做出牺牲

In the beginning, extortion can be more subtle, but it can become more apparent over time.
You begin doing anything you can so they would be pleased because your peace of mind is connected to their satisfaction.
Therefore you make more sacrifices than you might be willing because only when they are satisfied you can count on some harmony.
刚开始,这种勒索可能较为含蓄,但会逐渐变得愈发明显。你开始尽己所能满足对方请求,以取悦对方,因为你的心理安宁与他们的满意感是捆绑在一起的。
因此你会做一些自己不愿意做的牺牲,因为只有当他们满意时,你才能获得一些和谐安宁。

Example/示例:
If you don’t skip the party to take care of me when I am blue, what kind of partner are you? If you can’t provide for me when I am unemployed, maybe I need a new partner.
如果在我心情不好时,你不推掉那个派对来照顾我,那你算什么伴侣呢?
如果我失业时你不给我经济援助,那么我可能需要换个新的伴侣了。

  1. Intimidating you or threatening

恐吓或威胁

Some of the more overt symptoms of emotional abuse involve threats to harm you, your close ones, or themselves.
Intimidating, you will get them what they want, so they might resort to this method if they feel nothing else is working.
情感虐待的一些较为明显的症状包括威胁伤害你、威胁伤害你亲近的人或他们自己。
通过恐吓你,他们就能够达成自身目的,那么当他们觉得其他方式不奏效时,他们就可能会故技重施。

Example/示例:
Don’t you think of leaving me, because I will make sure you never see the kids again.
If you ever love someone else, I will kill myself.
别想着离开我,因为我会确保你再也见不到孩子。
如果你爱上别人,我会自杀。

  1. Cosmetic concerns about your well-being

借关心之名,行操纵之实

When in a relationship with a person who is emotionally blackmailing you, you feel like there is no room for your voice and needs unless they are somehow tied to the satisfaction of their desires.
当与情感勒索你的人同处一段感情关系中时,你感觉这段感情中容不下你的声音和需求,除非它们在某种方式上与对方欲求的满足有关联。

Example/示例:
I care for you, so I don’t want you to be friends with them anymore.
I need you to be okay now because I can’t make it without you.
我关心你,所以我不想你和他们再做朋友。
我需要你现在好好的,因为没有你我不知道怎么办。

  1. Setting boundaries is close to impossible

几乎不可能设置界限

Not only do you not feel heard, you feel you can’t say “no” or push back. Any type of firm boundary is met with disappointment, withdrawal of affection, or more obvious signals of blackmail such as threats.
Boundaries could prohibit them from getting what they need from you; therefore, you feel like standing up for yourself only makes things worse. When you try to push back, they often come after your sense of worth.
不仅你感到对方根本听不进去你的话,你还感觉你不能说“不”或不能反抗。任何类型的坚定界限都会遭受到对方的失望、爱意的收回,或其他更明显的勒索迹象,比如威胁等。
界限,会禁止他们操控你以满足他们所需。因此,你感觉自我捍卫只会让情形恶化。当你尝试反抗时,他们通常会攻击你的自我价值感。

Example/示例:
If you don’t do as I ask, you are worthless to me.
If you do that, I will make sure you pay for it.
如果你不按照我的要求做,你对我而言就一文不值。
你过你那样做,我会确保你会付出代价的。

  1. Controlling what you do

控制你的行为

One of the most evident signals of emotional blackmail is the control they impose. If they were to lose it, they might lose everything they gain from you.
Therefore they will use fear, obligation, threats, and guilt to make sure you follow and obey.
情感勒索的最明显迹象之一,是对方所施加的控制。如果他们失去这种控制权,他们可能就会失去从你这里得到的一切。
因此他们会使用恐惧、义务、威胁和内疚等工具来确保你一直听话服从。

Example/示例:
I don’t want you to see them so often.
If I ever see you with another man/woman, I will kill him/her.
我不想让你经常和他们见面。
如果任何时候我看见你和另一个男性/女性在一起,我会杀了他/她的。

6 stages of emotional blackmail
情感勒索的6个阶段

According to Susan Forward and Donna Fraizer of ‘Emotional Blackmail,’ emotional blackmail happens in a cycle. But they have identified six stages of emotional blackmail:
根据《情感勒索》作者Susan Forward 和 Donna Fraizer的观点,情感勒索是呈循环状的。但他们找出了情感勒索的6个阶段。

  1. Demand/提出要求

The person states more or less explicitly a request. Often they phrase it so it seems they are showing concern about you. However, they attempt to control you by seemingly caring for you.
勒索者提出一个或明确或不是很明确的请求。通常他们会精心措辞,将这一请求伪装成对你的关心,但实际上却是试图控制你。

  1. Resistance/反抗

Since this is something you are not inclined to provide, you refuse, as it is often quite an unreasonable demand. Your resistance could be direct or implied, like “forgetting” to do what they asked.
由于你不大愿意做,因为这类请求通常都很不合理,所以你会拒绝。你的反抗可能会是直接或委婉的,比如,“忘记”他们的请求。

  1. Pressure/施压

What distinguishes a person who is trying to emotionally blackmail you from someone who genuinely cares for you is how they react to your resistance.
In a healthy relationship, your partner will accept your refusal or try to find a solution that works for you. When it comes to emotional blackmail, you only receive more pressure or threats when you resist.
能过区分情感勒索和真正关心的一点时,面对你的反抗,他们作何反应。
在一段健康感情关系中,对方会接受你的拒绝,并会努力找出一个你想要的解决方案。而在情感勒索中,当你反抗时,只会面临更多压力或威胁。

  1. Threats/威胁

The blackmail itself can be direct or indirect threats that can lead to anxiety. Threats can be issued using words like:
If you go out tonight, I might not be here when you come back.
If you can’t stay with me, maybe I should find someone who cares about how I feel.
勒索本身可以表现为各种会导致受害者焦虑的直接或间接威胁。威胁之语可能类似于:
如果你今晚出去,你回来时我可能就不在这里了。
如果你不能和我待在一起,可能我需要另找一个在乎我感受的人了。

  1. Compliance/服从

At first, you don’t want to give in, but you also don’t want them to actualize their threats. Therefore, over time, you comply, and turmoil is replaced with peace and comfort.
一开始,你并不想屈服,但你也不想让他们的威胁成真。因此,慢慢地,你开始服从,这样就终于可以不用鸡飞狗跳大动干戈,终于可以享受一时风平浪静了。

  1. Repetition/重复

When you eventually cave, you learn that it is easier to go along with their demand than protest. They learn what methods to use to exercise control more effectively. Hence the pattern is reinforced.
当你最终屈服,你发现服从要比抗议更轻松。他们也学到了那种方法可以更有效控制你,这样这一模式就得到了强化。

10 tips for handling emotional blackmail
应对情感勒索的10条建议

If you suspect you are being emotionally blackmailed, there are things you can do. Please note you should only follow this advice and confront the person if you feel safe doing so.
如果你怀疑你在被情感勒索,那么可以实施以下策略。要注意,只有在你感觉能够保证自身安全的情形下,才可以采取以下建议、对抗对方。

  1. Recognize it for what it is

意识到行为本质

If you suspect you are being emotionally blackmailed, start by paying more attention to the dynamic of your relationship. If you want to solve a problem, you need to know what you’re dealing with.
Be careful not to misinterpret your partner’s need to restate some boundaries or advocate for their needs as blackmail. It is only blackmail when it involves pressure, control, and threats.
如果你怀疑自己正在被情感勒索,首先更多关注你们的感情互动状态。要解决问题,首先需要识别问题。
注意不要将对方重述个人界限或捍卫个人需求错认为勒索。只有在施压、控制和威胁等元素存在时,才属于情感勒索。

  1. Write it all down

写下来

Not sure about whether you are dealing with emotional abuse? Make an effort to write down details related to the daily interactions that you have with your partner. Writing things down can help you see an abusive pattern with ease.
不确定你是否正在经受情感虐待?让自己写下你们的每日互动细节。用文字记录,可以有助于让你轻松识别虐待型行为模式。

Journalling can also help you unravel the manipulative veil your emotional blackmail relationship may have placed on your senses.
A University of Rochester Medical Center study show that journaling improves mental health. But it can also remove all doubts that may be hampering your judgment.
记日记也可以帮助你揭开对方可能用来障你耳目的操控性面纱。
罗彻斯特大学医学院的一项研究显示,记日记可以改善精神健康状态。它也可以帮你移除任何可能在破坏你判断力的疑虑。

  1. Identify what makes you cave in

识别是什么让你屈服

Certain triggers make you comply more easily than others. If you want to change the pattern, you need to know how you contribute to it.
一些因素可能会更易于让你屈服。如果你想要改变这种模式,首先要找到自身纵容原因。

A useful trick is keeping a journal to help you look back and reflect. Often you will see that your love, care or sympathy is used by your abusive partner to get what they want.
一个有效的方法是通过记日记来回顾和反思。通常,你会看到你的爱、关心或同情被虐待方用来达成他们个人目的。

Once you identify your emotional triggers, you must work on not letting them use these on you.
一旦你识别出了你的情感触发因素,你必须开始努力避免对方再利用它们来操控你。

  1. Walkway from their tears and screams

面对他们的眼泪和尖叫时选择走开

Want to send a strong signal? Walk away from your partner while they are using emotional outbursts to blackmail you into doing exactly what they want.
Research shows that once you recognize that someone’s tears are not genuine and are being used to manipulate you, you are less likely to be sympathetic to that person.
想要传递一个强烈的信号?当他们开始用情绪爆发来试图勒索操控你时,选择走开。
研究显示,一旦你识别一个人的眼泪并非真实,而是用来操控你,那么你就不那么可能对其感到同情。

It may seem rude and insensitive but it is a clear way of letting your emotionally abusive partner know that they can’t use your sympathetic side to get whatever they want.
这可能看起来无礼冷漠,但这是让情感勒索方知道他们无法利用你的同情来达成他们目的的一种明确途径。

  1. Buy yourself time

给自己争取时间

A person attempting to manipulate you will push for an immediate answer or action.
Try to stall so you can figure out the possibilities and decipher which to take. Calmly ask for more time and keep repeating if they pressure you.
To learn how to deal with emotional blackmail, do not let the pressure from your emotionally abusive partner make you give the time that you need to make any decision or think clearly.
试图操控你的人会迫使你立即给出答案或行动。
尝试拖延,从而给自己争取时间想明白可能性和代价。冷静要求对方给自己更多时间,如果对方向你施压,则一直重复这一策略。
要学习如何应对情感勒索,则不要迫于对方压力而放弃自己需要用来做决策和清晰思考的时间。

  1. Set strong boundaries

设立坚定界限

Emotional blackmail in marriage or a relationship cannot be dealt with unless you establish clear and strong boundaries that protect your individuality. It can help you combat mental abuse and manipulation.
婚姻或感情关系中的情感勒索往往无法被应对,除非你能够设立可以保护你个人权利的明确、坚定界限。它可以帮助你抵挡精神虐待和操控。

Let your partner know that you won’t tolerate them shouting at you, saying things against your loved ones or threats of physical violence. These are just examples that can help you safeguard your mental health and well-being.
比如,让对方知道你不会容忍他们向你大喊大叫、说你所爱之人的坏话,或威胁对你家暴。这些只是可以帮助你保护个人精神健康和幸福的其中几个例子。

  1. Determine if you are safe

判断你是否安全

If your partner’s behavior is endangering you or your close ones, you need to make sure you are safe first.
Physical abuse is not the only kind of abuse that can harm you. Emotional or mental abuse can significantly impact your mental well-being and confidence.
如果对方行为对你或你的亲近之人构成危险,那么你首先需要确保自己的安全。
肢体虐待并非可以伤害你的唯一一种虐待。情感和或精神虐待也会显著影响你的精神健康和自信。

Whether mental or physical abuse, there are resources you can turn to. Reach out to helplines that can provide you with all the help and resources you need.
无论是精神或肢体虐待,都存在你可以求助的资源。可以尝试拨打那些能够为你提供你所需的所有帮助和资源的援助热线。

  1. Consider counseling

考虑婚姻咨询

Working with a therapist can help you uncover why you are letting this be a part of your life and use this awareness to make more conscious choices.
寻求心理咨询师的帮助,可以帮助你深入了解为什么你会让自己处于这一情形,并让你在意识到这一点后,让你做出更清清醒的选择。

They can also assist you in changing your beliefs about what you deserve and choosing a healthy relationship. A change of this magnitude is never easy, and professional assistance can make it easier to handle.
他们还可以帮助你改变你在关于“自己配得上什么”方面一直持有的理念,以及帮助你选择一段健康感情关系。这种程度的变化从非易事,专业人士的帮助可以让这一切简单一些。

  1. Invite them to change and compromise

请对方改变和妥协

Nothing will change unless you make some changes. The way they are is working for them; otherwise, they wouldn’t be choosing to do so.
一切都将一成不变,除非你做出一些改变。他们的行为方式对他们而言是奏效的,否则,他们也不会如此选择。

If you want to stop emotional blackmail, you need to confront them and set new boundaries. You could start by sharing your impressions, fears, and anticipated consequences: Some helpful sentences you can use in an emotionally abusive relationship:
如果你想要停止对方的情感勒索,你需要对抗他们,并设立新的界限。作为开始步骤,你可以先告知对方你的印象、恐惧和预期后果。在情感虐待型感情关系中你可以使用的一些有帮助的句子包括:

I feel drained, and you are pushing our relationship to the edge.
When I comply with your demands, I feel empty. I need to be treated with respect and have my needs acknowledged too.
I’m not going to tolerate your controlling and manipulative behaviors anymore.
我感到心神俱疲。你正在把我们的感情推向悬崖边缘。
当我服从你的要求时,我感到内心空落落的。我也需要被尊重,也需要你认可我的需求。
我不会再容忍你的控制和操纵行为了。

  1. Consider leaving

考虑离开

A blackmailer has most likely learned, early on, to get their needs satisfied only by these means. If they are willing, they can learn to take accountability, communicate better, and care about your and their needs simultaneously.
勒索者很可能在人生早期只学会了用这些方式来满足他们的需求。如果他们愿意,他们可以学着承担责任、更好地沟通、兼顾你们二者的需求。

However, if they don’t want to change, you need to ask yourself if this is the kind of relationship you want to stay in.
但如果他们不想改变,你需要问自己这是否是自己想要的感情关系类型。

There is a way out
Don’t ignore the symptoms if you feel your partner is unreasonably demanding or controlling.
还是有出路的。
如果对方总是不合理地强求或控制你,那么不要忽视这些迹象。

Check if you feel guilty and blamed for their actions, intimidated, or threatened by them. If you do, you might be experiencing emotional blackmail in a relationship.
审视你是否因为他们的行为而感到内疚和被指责,是否被他们恐吓或威胁。如果答案是肯定的,那么你可能就在经受情感勒索。

When you notice it, there are things you can do to improve the situation. You deserve to feel safe, listened to, and respected.
You can take steps to advocate more for yourself, seek help for yourself and your partner, and negotiate different boundaries.
当你意识到这一点时,是有策略可以帮助你改善这一情形的。你值得感到安全、感到被倾听、感到被尊重。
你可以采取措施去更好地捍卫自己,为自己和对方寻找帮助,并通过协商争取设立新的界限。

作者介绍:郭津萱

最近,#王宝钏挖野菜#,#王宝钏恋爱脑#等话题引起了热议,让大家操碎了心。

IMG_9860.JPG

王宝钏挖野菜的故事中:宰相千金王宝钏深深爱上了穷乞丐薛平贵后,不惜与父亲断绝关系,从宰相千金变成了乞丐婆。在一起没多久后,薛平贵外出打仗,王宝钏苦守寒窑挖了18年的野菜。而最终,薛平贵被西凉王公主看上,娶了公主当了西凉王。

大家纷纷表示要杜绝和远离 “恋爱脑”。

但是也有人说到,爱情本就不是清醒的,群嘲“恋爱脑”是克制情感的自由流动。正如史铁生在《病隙碎笔》中写道:

你要爱就要像一个痴情的恋人那样去爱,像一个忘死的梦者那样去爱,视他人之疑目如盏盏鬼火,大胆去走你的夜路。

这真切地流露出爱的真谛和可贵之处,但不禁让我们陷入一个迷思:

究竟什么是成熟的爱,非常热烈地投入爱情是错的吗到底什么才能被称为“恋爱脑”(即不成熟的爱)

可见,区分真实的爱以及“恋爱脑”是非常有必要的。


01
“恋爱脑”具体有哪些表现

一般来说,我们认为“恋爱脑”指的是一种爱情至上的思维模式,这种模式大部分时候表现为:一谈恋爱就把全部精力和心思放在恋人身上,似乎生活中就只剩下爱情一件事。

从心理学角度来看,“恋爱脑”可能有以下一些具体表现

认知层面:

1)不现实的投射,对伴侣理想化,追求“完美的被爱感”:“TA是那个可以拯救我的人。”“恋爱脑”个体倾向于依靠另一个人来满足对安全感、权力、身份、归属感和意义的渴望。在关系中要求和期待无条件的爱。

2)低自尊,更可能“离不开伴侣”。“恋爱脑”个体害怕被抛弃和放手,会竭尽全力去维系一段关系。

行为层面:

1)“All in 婚恋观”:“想要被爱,就要为TA牺牲付出。”“恋爱脑”个体常表现为一味付出,不求回报。

2)矛盾型依恋:“我很喜欢你,但是当我发现你也喜欢我的时候,我好像就不那么喜欢你了,甚至讨厌你。”矛盾型依恋者的内在安全感和信任感是极其不稳定的。Feeney(1991)发现了消极形式的爱和焦虑-矛盾依恋之间的联系。矛盾型依恋的爱情关系是最不稳定的,更可能将爱情理想化,倾向于用极端的方式获取自己的爱情。

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图|电影《被嫌弃的松子的一生》

情感层面:

1)对伴侣极度“情感依赖”:爱情是TA对某个人的一种依赖,以试图满足自己那些未满足的需要,避免感情上的痛苦或是逃避问题(Schaeffer, 2009)。

2) 当涉及到伴侣时,容易情绪不稳定。研究表明(Alice et al., 2022),爱情成瘾个体在应对抑郁、孤独、内疚、羞耻、焦虑和痛苦等负面情绪时存在困难,TA们会通过寻求伴侣的存在作为主要和/或唯一的应对策略,试图防止或减少无法忍受的情绪,从而导致成瘾行为。

3)无法恰当地识别和表达自己的情绪和感受。爱情成瘾可能与述情障碍有关,这意味着TA对自己的情绪缺乏意识,难以识别和交流。这可能与早期的成长经历有关,爱情成瘾的个体一般会在一个控制欲极强、缺乏感情的环境中成长。


02
当“恋爱至上”进入婚姻,会出现哪些问题

心理学研究者Noller(1996)在文章中强调:不成熟的爱,不利于建立和维持稳定、健康和幸福的家庭关系,而是倾向于关注爱人的短期需求,并忽视对他人的责任和义务。尽管这些不成熟的爱情形式有明确的情感基础,但它们仍然是由想法驱动的。

1)可能会陷入不良的互动模式:

研究表明,丈夫寻求亲密的愿望越强烈,丈夫要求/妻子回避(Husband demand-Wife withdraw)的模式则会越强烈;当妻子寻求亲密的愿望更强烈时,妻子要求/丈夫回避(Wife demand-Husband withdraw)的模式则会更加强烈。

因此,“恋爱脑”个体可能成为婚姻中的追逐者。

这种互动模式具体表现为“一方(追逐者/要求者)批评、不断唠叨、向另一方提出要求,而伴侣(退缩者/回避者)逃避正面接触和沟通。”

在不同国家中的实证研究中,均发现要求/回避的互动模式对关系满意度是有害的(Christensen et al.,2006)。

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图|电影《革命之路》

2)过于卑微,可能会导致夫妻双方的权利不平等。

这不仅会影响到婚姻质量,也有可能在婚姻中催生暴力。Leonhardt等人在2020年发表在Journal of Family Psychology的一项纵向研究表明,夫妻双方认为他们在婚姻中拥有共同的权力,与较高的婚姻质量和依恋安全感有关。

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图|电影《婚姻故事》

3) 对伴侣和关系的理想化可能会经历更多的“幻灭”,从而影响婚姻质量:

由于“恋爱脑”个体对另一半有着不切实际的理想化,以及“无条件的爱”的要求和期待,“恋爱脑”的个体更容易体验到一种不满意感(Zoppolat et al.,2020)。

因此,不成熟的爱恐怕不能为自己、伴侣或培养健康、快乐的孩子提供一个健康的环境。正如弗洛姆在他的作品《爱的艺术》所写的那样,“爱一个人不仅是一种强烈的感情——而且也是一项决定、一种判断、一个诺言”。


03
如何在走进婚姻前拥有更健康的关系模式

在维持关系的过程中,需要平衡爱的三要素:激情、责任、亲密

1)了解自己,重视自己的感受、需求和价值。

要自爱,不要把你全身心的爱,灵魂和力量作为礼物慷慨给予,浪费在不需要和受轻视的地方。——夏洛蒂·勃朗特

  • 关注自己的内在需要和感受,而不是满足一切外在标准、要求和期待。
  • 充分理解自己的能力、弱势、价值观,了解自己的局限,接纳不足,不再渴望自己全知全能。

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图|电影《爱在午夜降临前》

  • 对自己的人生、情绪、行为、想法负起全责,但不把他人的责任扛在肩膀上。
  • 尊重自己身心发出的信号,不超支自己的身心能力,无限制地满足自己与他人的欲望。
  • 尊重他人的意愿,世界不是以自己为中心。

2)了解你的伴侣,将现实和对伴侣适度的理想化结合。

爱,便是理解同自己活法不同、感知方法不同的人,并为之喜悦。——《各种意见与箴言》尼采

  • 一方面,从现实层面,我们需要了解对方真实的性格、生活态度、价值观,从而理解对方的反应和表达。我们要在关系中具有对对方感同身受的能力——有意愿且有能力了解他人的思想、情感和心事,当对方在向你倾诉的同时又不会产生不安全感。
  • 另一方面,理想的关系中充满了相互欣赏和感恩,研究表明(Murray et al.,2011),将伴侣适度“理想化”,可以在一定程度上预测持续的关系满意度。

3)了解成熟的爱和婚姻需要平等:“好的爱情关系像是在跳舞”。

成熟的爱是倚靠不是倚赖,倚靠是在你偶尔疲倦的时候可以靠一下,休息一下,倚赖则是赖着不走了。——蒋勋

Amato等(2007)的研究显示,夫妻们比过去更有可能共同决策,共同决策者比伴侣一方更多地发号施令的人婚姻更幸福、更少争吵、更不容易离婚。

婚姻受益于丈夫和妻子相互寻求帮助,以平等的伙伴的身份在一段关系中感受到平等的权利。把爱人视为平等的伴侣,实际上有助于建立幸福的亲密关系。

4)在关系中,建立健康的人际边界。

就像琴上的弦,虽为同一旋律而振动,但琴与弦也是彼此分开。——选自《论婚姻》 纪伯伦

建立良好的依存关系能够给双方带来持续的情谊和安全感。健康的依存方式是既不过分依赖,也不过分独立,这样的相处方式才能美好、持久。你可以通过训练自己的身份灵活性,来发展出健康的相互依存关系。

成熟的爱需要不断地觉察和成长,我们每个人都在这个议题上有自己成长的方式和成长路径。如果你觉得有困难,可以寻求:(1)个体咨询;(2)伴侣咨询/家庭咨询的帮助。

最后,我想用王小波《爱你就像爱生命》中的一段话结尾

爱情,是乏味人生的一场美好意外。我们曾经都是孤零零的,后来一不小心就被另一个人的磁力吸引。爱的力量那么强健,以至于当这件小小的事情发生的时候,人们灰扑扑的人生一下子开始发光了。

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参考文献

Noller, P. (1996). What is this thing called love? Defining the love that supports marriage and family. Personal Relationships, 3(1), 97-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00106.x

Schaeffer, B. (2009). Is it love or is it addiction : The book that changed the way we think about romance and intimacy. Hazelden.

Davila, J., & Bradbury, T. N. (2001). Attachment insecurity and the distinction between unhappy spouses who do and do not divorce. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(3), 371-393. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.371

Salani Alice et al. (2022). Love Addiction, Emotional Dysregulation and Attachment Bonds: A Quantitative Study of 344 Females. Sexual Health & Compulsivity, 29(3-4), pp. 127-148.

John P. Caughlin. (2000). An Individual Difference Explanation of Why Married Couples Engage in the Demand/Withdraw Pattern of Conflict. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(4-5), pp. 523-551.

Christensen, A., Eldridge, K., Catta-Preta, A., Lim, V. R., & Santagata, R. (2006). Cross-Cultural Consistency of the Demand/Withdraw Interaction Pattern in Couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(4), 1029-1044. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00311.xLeonhardt, N. D., Willoughby, B. J., Dyer, W. J., & Carroll, J. S. (2020). Longitudinal influence of shared marital power on marital quality and attachment security.Journal of Family Psychology, 34(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000566

Zoppolat, G., Visserman, M. L., & Righetti, F. (2020). A nice surprise: Sacrifice expectations and partner appreciation in romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(2), 450-466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519867145

Murray, Griffin, D. W., Derrick, J. L., Harris, B., Aloni, M., & Leder, S. (2011). Tempting Fate or Inviting Happiness? Unrealistic Idealization Prevents the Decline of Marital Satisfaction. Psychological Science, 22(5), 619–626. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611403155

策 划:刘祥宇
撰 稿:郭津萱
编 辑:高文洁
美 编:郭雨馨

作者介绍:高文洁

《再见爱人2》开播了。

这是一档去年悄然走红的“离婚综艺”,节目会邀请三对夫妻共同参与一场18天的旅行,他们或许已经离婚,或许正在分居,或许在考虑离婚,他们带着不同的目的,试图在这场18天的旅途中找到自己婚姻的答案,离,还是不离?

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而他们的婚姻故事本身,也成为了我们这些场外观众们寻找答案的一种假设性检验:

“60岁离婚,是在开玩笑吗?”
“性格过不好,是真实的坦诚还是无意识的逃避?”
“为什么需要的时候,另一方总是缺失的?”
“相爱但走不下去,要怎样面对告别?”
“当爱人们不再歌颂永恒,那婚姻的意义是什么?”

某种程度来说,这档高分综艺最大的现实意义,就是把婚姻中鸡毛蒜皮的琐事和争执,全部凝聚到了一个场域当中去呈现、体验和表达,正如节目旁白的一句话:“爱不是一切问题的终极答案。”

那么,什么才是答案?

01情绪
我那个时候觉得我要疯了

第二季的嘉宾夫妻,都是带着情绪来的。

最年轻的一对夫妻:宋宁峰和张婉婷。他们刚在一起不到一个月就怀孕了。这过程,就好像感情的抛物线还没到最高点,“砰”就落了地。

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图|Rollins 和 Cannon (1974)等经过大量研究表明,婚姻满意度的周期变动呈U型状态:结婚后、未生育之前,夫妻之间的婚姻满意度最高,第一个孩子出生后,婚姻满意度开始逐渐下降,孩子长大离开家,婚姻满意度又开始回升。

或许是为了弥补,怀孕十个月加上产后一年,张婉婷都在努力完成一件事情,就是让宋宁峰快速地了解自己。

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但这个过程,并不顺畅。

宋宁峰不能理解,为什么有那么多架要吵

“鸡毛蒜皮的,我这工作的,我们小孩的,都可以成为我们吵架的原因,反正吵到最后那就是说离婚离婚,就必须离。”

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而在张婉婷看来,每次当她向宋宁峰表达自己的感受和看法,宋宁峰都表现得非常冷漠,她认为这是自己受到的冷暴力

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可以说,节目第一期中最窒息的场面,就来自这对其实还没有离婚的小情侣。

张婉婷对着大家疯狂输出,控诉丈夫的“冷漠”和“不回应”;宋宁峰在一旁好几次欲言又止,始终找不到说话的机会。

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看起来就好像是,张婉婷因为宋宁峰的不回应而愤怒,她的愤怒(自我解释为“暴脾气”)让她更多地、更密集地去表达和索取,而这样毫无喘息的对话,让宋宁峰即使想要讲话,也找不到能讲话的档口,他开始疲惫、退缩和回避问题

他的行为又会再一次激发张婉婷的不满和愤怒

情绪聚焦疗法的原创者之一 Leslie Greenberg 认为,情绪是我们最基本的沟通系统,是我们表达和行为的定向器。

简单来说,就是我们往往是先感受到情绪,然后才会思考,并且只能在我们所感受到的范围内思考,最后才会做出行为举动;而一个人的行为举动,又会把我们思考的内容和意图符号化,例如上价值:“你不够爱我”“我的婚姻很可悲”,并借此影响到其他人。

正是这样的过程,让夫妻双方形成了一方“掌控”、一方“失语”的互动模式

这种模式其实非常常见,在另外一对老年夫妻嘉宾中,“失语”的人是妻子陈美玲。

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02需要
是爱,我没有说不爱她

陈美玲和丈夫艾威曾经是香港的“模范夫妻”,他们相识31年,结婚18年,艾威对陈美玲一见钟情,陈美玲也非常感恩这段缘分。

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后来有一年,陈美玲的身体开始出现状况,艾威花光积蓄给妻子治病,一直在病床前守护照料,甚至表示如果有万一,自己可以捐赠肝脏给妻子。

但陈美玲病愈之后,几年内他们的感情却降至冰点,直到2019年,他们开始分居。

节目中的饭后闲谈,艾威被问到为什么要离婚?(艾威是提出离婚的人)他自己都忍不住笑了,说:“是很搞笑的一个,打麻将的问题。

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艾威滔滔不绝地指责陈美玲“一打麻将就打到三更半夜”,“讨论过几十次也没办法解决”,“只能靠离婚来解决问题”,陈美玲在旁边几次三番欲言又止,最后也只能说一句“其实我也很委屈的”。

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老实说,打麻将,听起来真的是一件很小的事情,为什么却成为了一个结束18年婚姻的原因呢?

后台单独采访的时候,艾威和陈美玲都说到了一个议题,让我非常触动。作为一对老年夫妻,他们或许会更多地直面死亡焦虑

陈美玲说,丈夫曾经跟她讨论过死亡的问题,他们都希望对方可以先走,这样自己就可以帮对方安排好所有的事情。

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只是一种猜测,艾威对陈美玲的“掌控”,或许在某种程度上,有他内隐的恐惧。

他的愤怒和怨恨(艾威在节目中说自己“恨”对方,说妻子是他最大的压力),这些情绪的背后,或许也是他对妻子从未表达过的“依赖”和“需要”。

根据心理学家Frijda的观点,情绪与我们最核心的需要相关联,情绪使得我们能够对那些与我们的幸福密切相关的情境保持警觉

这种警觉就类似于当美玲姐熬夜打麻将的时候,艾威忍不住愤怒“你再打一次麻将就代表我们离婚了”。但他没有表达出来的是:其实我也需要你。


03体验
难道你还看不出来吗

是什么让我们成为婚姻中的失语者?

这是第一期节目留下的提问。

相比于上面两对夫妻,最后一对夫妻更像是“双方失语”的状态。苏诗丁和卢歌结婚4年,他们离婚的原因表面上看,是因为工作异地分居的原因。

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更深层的,可能是在他们最需要彼此的时候,另一方陪伴的缺失。

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这种缺失,当然一方面是因为事业和时间上的平衡,另一方面,也可能来自感受的体验受到了阻碍。

在心理学家Gendlin的观点里,他认为负面的情绪不是问题的本质,问题的本质在于“完成”某种感受

如果一个人在现有的环境或者情境下,他明明失望了、愤怒了,但他感受到“自己体验到这些负面情绪”是不安全的,那么,他就有可能压抑这些情绪,从而导致自己的感受和体验受阻,不能够“继续前进”。

这也正是Gendlin所形容的一种“被卡住”的感觉

卢歌和苏苏似乎是这样,他们总是很难将自己的情绪和需要,转换为外显的言语去表达;另外两对夫妻中的宋宁峰和陈美玲似乎也是这样,他们都在节目中说道,自己在等一个Timing去说出自己的感受和想法。

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从这个角度来看,这档离婚综艺,似乎和 Leslie Greenberg 的很多治疗理念不谋而合:

情绪使我们能够与其他人发展亲密关系,情绪也会让我们做出一些不能理解的事情。情绪是模糊的,它背后的需要往往是难以明确表达的,但是,“只有当我们把这些朦胧的部分符号化,并且表达出来,我们的感受和体验才会变得清晰和更有意义”,“成为创造新的叙事的起点”。

这就好像是,整个第一期节目中,有一幕我特别感动的画面。

当艾威指责陈美玲没日没夜的打麻将的时候,苏苏说,她特别能理解美玲姐。她说,美玲姐可能是想通过打麻将来挥霍自己的身体,“她可能只是想当一个正常人”。

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当时我就在想,如果看到这件事的人是美玲姐的丈夫该有多好呢?

如果美玲姐能把这些感受(如果是真实存在的),表达给艾威听又会如何呢?

我们不知道故事会向着什么地方走去,18天的旅行才刚刚开始。但是,这个节目的亮点可能也不是最后他们决定的那个结局是离是合,而是在这场以离婚为主题的旅行中:

看一段情感在平静的海面之下,有多少涌动的暗流与壮美,从而能更加勇敢地去面对那未知的航行


参考文献

Rollins, & Cannon, K. L. (1974). Marital Satisfaction over the Family Life Cycle: A Reevaluation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 36(2), 271–282.https://doi.org/10.2307/351153

Greenberg. (2011). Emotion-focused therapy (1st ed.). American Psychological Association.

策 划:高文洁
撰 稿:高文洁
编 辑:崔琪
美 编:杨婉婷
图源丨《再见爱人》,侵删