Table of Contents
·Structuralism/结构主义
·Functionalism/机能主义
·Gestalt Psychology/格式塔心理学
·Behaviorism/行为主义
·Psychoanalysis/精神分析
·Humanism/人本主义
·Cognitive Psychology/认知心理学
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
当心理学首次作为脱离了生物学和哲学的一个独立学科起，关于如何描述和解释人类思维与行为的争论也就随之开启了。心理学的不同流派代表了心理学的一些主要理论。
The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology.
第一个流派，结构主义，其宣传者是首个心理实验室创始人威廉·冯特。几乎是紧随其后，其他理论也开始雨后春笋般出现，百家争鸣。
In the past, psychologists often identified themselves exclusively with one single school of thought. Today, most psychologists have an eclectic outlook on psychology. They often draw on ideas and theories from different schools rather than holding to any singular perspective.
过去，心理学家通常会将自己归入某一特定流派，但今天大多数心理学家更偏向于采用兼容并蓄的视角。他们通常会采用不同流派的观点和理论，而非将自己限定在某一特定流派。
This article discusses some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology.
本文将讨论对心理学知识与理解产生了影响的一些主要流派。
01
The Structuralist School of Thought
结构主义流派
Structuralism is widely regarded as the first school of thought in psychology. This outlook focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Major thinkers associated with structuralism include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.
结构主义普遍被认为是心理学的第一个流派。这一流派主要是将思维流程分解为一些最基本的要素。这一流派的主要思想家包括威廉·冯特和爱德华·布雷福德·铁钦纳。
The structuralists used techniques such as introspection to analyze the inner processes of the human mind.
结构主义流派心理学家采用诸如“內察”等技巧，来分析人类思维的内部流程。
The introspective experimental technique used by the structuralists involved having trained observers examine their inner responses. Using this approach, also known as experimental self-observation, experimenters like Wundt trained people to analyze their thoughts as carefully and objectively as possible.
这一流派心理学家所采用的这一內察试验技巧中，经过训练的观察者会仔细审视他们的内在反应。这一方法也被称为试验性自我观察。像冯特之类的试验开展者会训练人们尽可能仔细、客观地分析他们自己的想法。
While these methods were understandably not the most empirically rigorous, the structuralist school of thought played an important role in the development of experimental psychology.
尽管这些方法从循证角度来说并不严谨，这也完全可以令人理解。但这一流派对试验心理学的发展却发挥了重要的影响。
02
The Functionalist School of Thought
机能主义流派
Functionalism formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by the work of William James. It functioned on the mind's functions and adaptations.
机能主义流派的出现，是作为对结构主义流派理论的回应。这一流派受到了威廉·詹姆斯作品的重大影响。该流派主要围绕思维的运作机能与调整适应而展开。
Instead of focusing on the mental processes themselves, functionalist thinkers were interested in the role that these processes play.
这一流派心理学家并不侧重于研究思维流程本身，而是对这些流程所发挥的作用更感兴趣。
In a functionalist approach, for example, instead of trying to understand the underlying processes that cause mental states, the focus would be on understanding the function that those states serve. Gaining a better understanding of the purpose would allow psychologists to better understand how the mind allows people to respond and adapt to their environments.
例如，按照机能主义流派的方法，心理学家不会试图去了解导致思维状态发生的底层思维流程，而是侧重于理解这些思维状态分别有何作用。更好地理解目的，能够让心理学家们更好地了解他们的思维让他们对周围环境做出何种反应和调整。
The functionalist school was interested in the purpose of thoughts and behaviors, whereas structuralism was concerned with the elements that make up consciousness. While functionalism largely disappeared as a school of thought, its influence persisted in applied psychology, behaviorism, and educational psychology.
机能主义流派侧重于思维和行为的目的，而结构主义侧重于研究构成意识的各种要素。尽管机能主义作为一种流派已经在很大程度上湮没于历史长河，但其影响却依旧可以见诸应用心理学、行为主义和教育心理学中。
Unlike some of the other well-known schools of thought in psychology, functionalism is not associated with a single dominant theorist. Instead, a number of functionalist thinkers are associated with this outlook, including John Dewey, James Rowland Angell, and Harvey Carr.
同其他广为人知的心理学流派不同，机能主义流派中并没有一位核心理论家人物。很多机能主义思想家们都涉及到了这一流派的理论，其中包括：约翰·杜威、詹姆斯·罗兰·安吉尔和Harvey Carr。
Some historians have questioned whether functionalism should be considered a formal school of psychology, given its lack of a central leader or formalized ideas
鉴于该流派缺乏核心领头人物和正式化的理论，也有一些历史学家对机能主义是否应该被视为一个正式的心理学流派而提出了质疑。
03
The Gestalt School of Thought
格式塔流派
Gestalt psychology was a school of psychology based upon the idea that people experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism.
格式塔心理学的底层基础理论是：人们在体验事物时，是将事物作为统一整体来体验的。这一心理学理论起始于19世纪晚期的德国和奥地利，当时是作为对结构主义的分子理论的回应而提出的。
Some thinkers associated with the Gestalt school of thought included Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka.
格式塔流派的一些思想家包括：马克斯·韦特海默、沃尔夫冈·柯勒 和库尔特·考夫卡。
Instead of breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to Gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, a philosophy known as holism.
格式塔流派心理学家们并不将思维和行为分解至最小因素，而是认为必须从整体去看整个体验。按照格式塔流派心理学家观点，整体要大于各部分之总和，这一哲学理念被称为整体论。
Some examples of Gestalt thinking include explanations for optical phenomena, such as visual illusions. Wertheimer described the phi phenomenon by observing how alternating railway lights created the illusion of movement. The phenomenon suggests that a succession of images seen in rapid sequence are perceived as moving.
格式塔理论对一些光学现象，如视觉幻象等现象也提供了解释。韦特海默通过观察铁路指示灯交替闪亮而产生的运动错觉，而提出了Phi现象。这一现象是指，图片快速连续闪现，就会产生运动错觉。
04
The Behaviorist School of Thought
行为主义流派
Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. It was based upon the work of thinkers such as John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner.
行为主义在上世纪50年代期间成为主流流派。该流派基于思想家，诸如约翰·华生、伊万·巴甫洛夫和伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳的作品。
Behaviorism suggests that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior. Examples of behavioral theories that emerged during this time include:
行为主义的观点是，所有行为都可以归因于环境因素，而非内在力量。行为主义聚焦于可观察的行为。在这一时期浮现的行为主义理论包括：
Classical conditioning: This is a type of learning that involves associating a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. For example, pairing the sound of a bell with the presentation of food. After an association is formed, the previously neutral stimulus will produce the same response as the natural stimulus.
经典条件反射理论：这是一种学习方式，在这种学习方式中，将之前一个中性的刺激物与一个自然而然自动触发某个反应的刺激物联系在一起。比如，将铃声与提供食物联系在一起。在一种关联建立之后，之前的中性刺激物就会和自然刺激物一样引发相同的反应。
Operant conditioning: This type of learning involves using rewards and punishments to create an association between the behavior and the consequences of that behavior.
操作条件反射：这种学习方式通过奖励和惩罚，在行为和行为结果之间建立某种关联。
The behavioral school of psychology significantly influenced the course of psychology. Many ideas and techniques that emerged from this school of thought are still widely used today. Behavioral training, token economies, aversion therapy, and other methods are frequently used in psychotherapy and behavior modification programs.
行为主义心理学对心理学的发展方向产生了重大影响，这一流派中所萌生的很多观点和技巧如今依旧被广泛应用。行为训练、代币疗法（比如做的好奖励一朵小红花）、回避疗法等都在心理疗法和行为矫正方案中得到了频繁使用。
05
The Psychoanalytic School of Thought
精神分析流派
Psychoanalysis is a school of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud. This school of thought emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Other major psychoanalytic thinkers included Anna Freud and Otto Rank and neo-Freudians such as Erik Erikson, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney.
精神分析流派是由西格蒙德·弗洛伊德创立的。这一流派强调无意识思维对行为的影响。该流派其他重要思想家包括安娜·弗洛伊德、奥托·兰克和新弗洛伊德学派人物，如爱利克·埃里克森、阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒和卡伦·霍妮。
Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements: the id, ego, and superego.
弗洛伊德认为，人的大脑由三个元素组成：本我、自我和超我。
The id consists of primal urges.
本我，包含原始欲望和冲动；
The ego is the component of personality charged with dealing with reality.
自我，是人格中负责处理现实中的那一部分。
The superego is the part of the personality that holds all the ideals and values we internalize from our parents and culture.
超我，是人格中持有着所有理想和价值观的部分，这些理想和价值观是我们从父母和文化中内化而获得。
Freud believed that the interaction of these three elements was what led to all of the complex human behaviors.
弗洛伊德认为，所有的复杂人类行为，都是由这三项因素的互动而导致的。
Other important theories within the psychoanalytic school included the idea of the conscious and unconscious, Freud's psychosexual approach to personality development, and the concept of life and death instincts.
这一流派的其他重要理论还包括“意识”和“无意识”、弗洛伊德从性心理角度对性格发展的分析，以及生死本能等概念。
Freud's work also played an important role in the development of talk therapy as an approach to treating mental illness. Many traditional Freudian approaches to treatment are no longer in favor, but modern psychoanalytic therapy continues to play an important role in psychology today. Research has shown that using self-examination can play an important role in emotional growth.
弗洛依德的理论对精神疾病谈话疗法的发展也发挥了重要作用。弗洛伊德式治疗方法已经不再受宠，但现代精神分析疗法依旧在当今心理学领域扮演着重要角色。研究显示，使用自我审视这一方法，对情绪的健康发展能够产生重要作用。
Freud's school of thought was enormously influential, but also generated considerable debate. This controversy existed not only in his time but also in modern discussions of Freud's theories.
弗洛伊德流派影响力巨大，但同时也产生了巨大争议。关于其理论的争议从其所处时代至今依旧存在。
06
The Humanistic School of Thought
人本主义流派
Humanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. The development of this school of thought in psychology was heavily influenced by the work of humanist thinkers such as Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Clark Moustakas.
人本主义心理学是作为对精神分析学和行为主义的回应而产生的。该流派思想受到了诸如亚伯拉罕· 马斯洛、卡尔·罗哲斯和克拉克·穆斯塔卡斯等人本主义思想家的重要影响。
While early schools of thought were primarily centered on abnormal human behavior, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping people achieve and fulfill their potential. Humanistic psychology instead focused on topics such as:
早期心理学流派主要围绕非正常人类行为而展开，但人本主义心理学却逆其道而行之，强调帮助人们实现他们的潜力。人本主义心理学侧重的话题包括：
Becoming a fully functioning person: A person who is in touch with their innermost desires and trusts their own instincts
成为一个能行使完全的正常机能的个体：一个了解自己最深处欲求、相信自身本能的人；
Individual free will: The capacity that individuals have to make choices, select courses of action, and control their own lives
个体自由意志：个体所拥有的做出选择、选择行动方案、掌控个人生活的能力；
Hierarchy of needs: A theory introduced by Maslow suggesting that people were motivated by a series of increasingly complex needs, starting with their basic physiological needs up to the need to achieve an individual's full potential
需求层级划分：马斯洛提出的理论，根据该理论，人类是由一系列逐渐复杂化的需求而驱动的，从最基本的生理需求，不断升级至充分实现个人潜力的需求。
Peak experiences: Moments of pure, transcendent joy that play an important part in the reaching self-actualization
巅峰体验：纯粹、超脱的愉悦时刻，这种时刻在达成自我实现过程中扮演者重要角色。
Self-actualization: A state of reaching one's full potential
自我实现：自身潜力充分得到实现的状态。
Humanistic psychology remains quite popular today and has significantly influenced other areas of psychology including positive psychology. This particular branch of psychology is centered on helping people live happier, more fulfilling lives.
人本主义心理学在当今依旧广受欢迎，而且对心理学其他领域也产生了重大影响，比如积极心理学。心理学的这一具体分支聚焦于帮助人们实现更幸福、更圆满的人生。
07
The Cognitive School of Thought
认知流派
Cognitive psychology is the school of psychology that studies mental processes, including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines such as neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics.
认知心理学研究思维流程，包括人们如何思考、如何观察、如何记忆、如何学习。作为认知科学这一宏观领域的一部分，这一心理学分支与诸如神经科学、哲学和语言学等学科具有关联性。
Cognitive psychology emerged during the 1950s, partly as a response to behaviorism. Critics of behaviorism noted that it failed to account for how internal processes impacted behavior.
认知心理学起始于上世纪50年代，其中一部分起因是作为对行为主义的回应。行为主义理论的批判者们认为行为主义并没有解释内在流程对行为的影响。
Examples of theories that grew out of the cognitive school of thought include:
源自认知流派的一些理论包括：
Stages of cognitive development: A theory proposed by Jean Piaget, which suggested that children go through a series of progressive stages of intellectual development.
认知发展阶段：让·皮亚杰提出的理论，根据该理论，儿童的智力发展是依循一系列渐进的阶段的。
Sociocultural theory: This theory, introduced by Lev Vygotsky, looked at how the interaction of cultural and social factors contributed to cognitive development.
社会文化理论：该理论由利维·维谷斯基提出，侧重于研究文化与社会因素的互动对认知发展所产生的影响。
Informational processing theory: This theory suggests that the mind functions much like a computer to process and interpret information about the world.
信息处理理论：根据该理论，大脑在处理和解读关于世界的信息时，运作方式和电脑很是相似。
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was also heavily influenced by this psychological perspective. CBT is an approach to treatment that focuses on how automatic negative thought patterns influence behavior and psychological problems.
认知行为疗法（CBT）受到了这一心理流派视角的深远影响。CBT这一疗法侧重点是：自动产生的负面思维模式对行为与心理问题的影响。
This period is sometimes referred to as the "cognitive revolution" as a wealth of research on information processing, language, memory, and perception began to emerge.
鉴于这一时期，有关于信息处理、语言、记忆和观察力的研究大量涌现，这一时期有时也被称为“认知革命”时期。
While some schools of thought have faded into obscurity, each has had an influence on the course of psychology's development. Some more recent schools of psychology, including behaviorism and cognitive psychology, remain highly influential.
尽管一些流派已销声匿迹，但每个流派都对心理学的发展路程产生了一定影响。一些较晚出现的流派，如行为主义和认知心理学等，至今依旧具有很高的影响力。
